(Redirected from Alexander of Bulgaria)
'Alexander Joseph of Battenberg' (
April 5,
1857 -
November 17,
1893), the first prince (
kniaz) of modern
Bulgaria, reigned from
April 29,
1879 to
September 7,
1886).
Early life
Alexander was the second son of
Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine by the latter's
morganatic marriage with
Countess Julia von Hauke. The countess and her descendants gained the title of Princess of
Battenberg (derived from an old residence of the
grand-dukes of Hesse) and the
style ''Durchlaucht'' ("
Serene Highness") in 1858. Prince Alexander was a nephew of
Russia's
Tsar Alexander II, who had married a sister of Prince Alexander of Hesse; his mother, a daughter of Count Moritz von Hauke, had been
lady-in-waiting to the
tsaritsa.
Prince of Bulgaria
In his boyhood and early youth Alexander frequently visited
St Petersburg, and he accompanied his uncle, the Tsar, who was much attached to him, during the
Bulgarian campaign of
1877. When, under the
Treaty of Berlin (
1878), Bulgaria became an autonomous
principality under the suzerainty of the
Ottoman Empire, the Tsar recommended his nephew to the Bulgarians as a candidate for the newly-created throne, and the
Grand National Assembly unanimously elected Prince Alexander as Prince of Bulgaria (
April 29,
1879). At that time he held a commission as a lieutenant in the
Prussian life-guards at
Potsdam. Before proceeding to Bulgaria, Prince Alexander paid visits to the Tsar at
Livadia, to the courts of the great powers and to the
sultan; a Russian warship then conveyed him to
Varna, and after taking the
oath to the
new constitution at
Turnovo (
July 8,
1879) he went to
Sofia. The people everywhere ''en route'' greeted him with immense enthusiasm. (For the political history of Prince Alexander's reign, see
History of Bulgaria.)
The new ruling prince had not had any previous training in governing, and a range of problems confronted him. He found himself caught between the official representatives of Russia, who wanted him to behave as a ''
roi fainéant'', and the Bulgarian politicians, who actively pursued their own quarrels with a violence that threatened the stability of Bulgaria.
After attempting to govern under these conditions for nearly two years, the prince, with the consent of the Russian tsar, Alexander assumed
absolute power (
May 9 1881). A specially convened assembly voted (
July 13,
1881) for suspension of the ultra-democratic constitution for a period of seven years. The experiment, however, proved unsuccessful; the monarchical coup infuriated Bulgarian Liberal and Radical politicians, and the real
power passed to two Russian generals,
Sobolev and
Kaulbars, specially despatched from St Petersburg. The prince, after vainly endeavouring to obtain the recall of the generals, restored the constitution with the concurrence of all the Bulgarian political parties (
September 18,
1883). A serious breach with
Russia followed, and the part which the prince subsequently played in encouraging the national aspirations of the Bulgarians widened that breach.
The revolution of
Plovdiv (
September 18,
1885), which brought about the union of
Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria, took place with Alexander's consent, and he at once assumed the government of the province. In the year which followed, the prince gave evidence of considerable military and diplomatic ability. He rallied the Bulgarian
army, now deprived of its Russian officers, to resist the
Serbian invasion, and after a brilliant victory at
Slivnitza (
November 19) pursued
King Milan of Serbia into Serbian territory as far as
Pirot, which he captured (
November 27). Although the intervention of Austria protected
Serbia from the consequences of defeat, Prince Alexander's success sealed the union with Eastern Rumelia, and after long negotiations the
sultan Abdul Hamid II nominated the Prince of Bulgaria as governor-general of that province for five years (
April 5 1886).
Loss of throne
This arrangement, however, cost Alexander much of his popularity in Bulgaria, while discontent prevailed among a number of his officers, who considered themselves slighted in the distribution of rewards at the close of the campaign. A military plot formed, and on the night of
August 20 1886 the conspirators seized the prince in the palace at
Sofia and compelled to sign his abdication; they then hurried him to the
Danube at Rakhovo, transported him on his yacht to
Reni, and handed him over to the Russian authorities, who allowed him to proceed to
Lemberg. However he soon returned to Bulgaria as a result of the success of the counter-revolution led by
Stefan Stambolov, which overthrew the provisional government set up by the Russian party at Sofia. His position, however, had become untenable, partly as a result of an ill-considered telegram which he addressed to tsar
Alexander III of Russia on his return. The attitude of
Bismarck, who, in conjunction with the Russian and Austrian governments, forbade him to punish the leaders of the military conspiracy, also undermined Alexander's position. He therefore issued a manifesto resigning the throne, and left Bulgaria on
September 8,
1886.
Last years
Alexander now retired into private life. A few years later he married
Johanna Loisinger, an actress, and assumed the style of Count Hartenau (
February 6,
1889). There were a son and a daughter of this marriage. The last years of his life he spent principally at
Gratz, where he held a local command in the Austrian army, and where he died on
October 23 1893. His remains, brought to Sofia, received a public funeral there, and were buried in a
mausoleum erected to his memory.
Prince Alexander possessed much charm and amiability of manner; he was tall, dignified and strikingly handsome. Competent authorities have generally recognised his capabilities as a soldier. As a ruler he committed some errors, but his youth and inexperience and the extreme difficulty of his position account for much. He had some aptitude for diplomacy, and his intuitive insight and perception of character sometimes enabled him to outwit the crafty politicians who surrounded him. His principal fault remained a want of tenacity and resolution; his tendency to unguarded language undoubtedly increased the number of his enemies.
See:
★ Drandar, ''Le Prince Alexandre de Battenberg en Bulgarie'' (Paris, 1884)
★ Koch, ''Fürst Alexander von Bulgarien'' (Darmstadt, 1887)
★ Matveyev, ''Bulgarien nach dem Berliner Congress'' (Petersburg, 1887)
★ Bourchier, "Prince Alexander of Battenberg," in ''Fortnightly Review'', January 1894.
Ancestors
See also
★
History of Bulgaria
★
Battenberg Mausoleum
References
★
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