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'Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin' (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, IPA: , ) ( – ) was a Russian Romantic author who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet^[1][2][3][4] and the founder of modern Russian literature.^[5][6] Pushkin pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays, creating a style of storytelling—mixing drama, romance, and satire—associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly influencing later Russian writers.
Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fourteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo. Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals; in the early 1820s he clashed with the government, which sent him into exile in southern Russia. While under the strict surveillance of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will, he wrote his most famous play, the drama ''Boris Godunov'', but could not publish it until years later. His novel in verse, ''Eugene Onegin'', was published serially from 1825 to 1832.
Pushkin and his wife Natalya Goncharova, whom he married in 1831, later became regulars of court society. In 1837, while falling into greater and greater debt amidst rumors that his wife had started conducting a scandalous affair, Pushkin challenged her alleged lover, Georges d'Anthès, to a duel. Pushkin was mortally wounded and died two days later.
Because of his liberal political views and influence on generations of Russian rebels, Pushkin was portrayed by Bolsheviks as an opponent to bourgeois literature and culture and a predecessor of Soviet literature and poetry. Tsarskoe Selo was renamed after him.

Contents

Life

Literary legacy

Influence on the Russian language

Works

Hoaxes and other attributed works

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Life

The 16-year old Pushkin recites a poem before Gavrila Derzhavin. Painting by Ilya Repin (1911).

Pushkin's father descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility which traced its ancestry back to the 12th century. Pushkin's mother's grandfather was Abram Petrovich Gannibal who traces his origin to what today is the Ethiopian-Eritrean border, or, more likely, to what today is the Sultanate of Logone-Birni south of Lake Chad in Cameroon. After education in France as a military engineer, Gannibal became governor of Reval and eventually General-en-Chef for the building of sea forts and canals in Russia.
Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fourteen. By the time he finished as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo near St. Petersburg, the Russian literary scene recognized his talent widely. After finishing school, Pushkin installed himself in the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, St. Petersburg. In 1820 he published his first long poem, ''Ruslan and Lyudmila'', amidst much controversy about its subject and style.
Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital (1820). He went to the Caucasus and to the Crimea, then to Kishinev, where he became a Freemason. Here he joined the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over Greece and establish an independent Greek state. He was inspired by the Greek Revolution and when the war against the Ottoman Turks broke out he kept a diary with the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in Kishinev until 1823 and wrote there two Romantic poems which brought him wide acclaim, ''The Captive of the Caucasus'' and ''The Fountain of Bakhchisaray''. In 1823 Pushkin moved to Odessa, where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile at his mother's rural estate in north Russia from 1824 to 1826. However, some of the authorities allowed him to visit Tsar Nicholas I to petition for his release, which he obtained. But some of the insurgents in the Decembrist Uprising (1825) in St. Petersburg had kept some of his early political poems amongst their papers, and soon Pushkin found himself under the strict control of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will. He had written what became his most famous play, the drama ''Boris Godunov'', while at his mother's estate but could not gain permission to publish it until five years later. The drama's original, uncensored version would not receive a premiere until 2007.

Alexander Pushkin by Orest Kiprensky

In 1831, highlighting the growth of Pushkin's talent and influence and the merging of two of Russia's greatest early writers, he met Nikolai Gogol. After reading Gogol's 1831-2 volume of short stories ''Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka,'' Pushkin would support him critically and later in 1836 after starting his magazine, ''The Contemporary,'' would feature some of Gogol's most famous short stories. Later, Pushkin and his wife Natalya Goncharova, whom he married in 1831, became regulars of court society. When the Tsar gave Pushkin the lowest court title, the poet became enraged: He felt this occurred not only so that his wife, who had many admirers—including the Tsar himself—could properly attend court balls, but also to humiliate him. In 1837, falling into greater and greater debt amidst rumors that his wife had started conducting a scandalous affair, Pushkin challenged her alleged lover, Georges d'Anthès, to a duel which left both men injured, Pushkin mortally. He died two days later.
The government feared a political demonstration at his funeral, which it moved to a smaller location and made open only to close relatives and friends. His body was spirited away secretly at midnight and buried on his mother's estate.
Pushkin had four children in his marriage to Natalya: Alexander, Grigory, Maria, and Natalia (who would marry into the royal house of Nassau and become the Countess of Merenberg).

Literary legacy

Statue of Pushkin in Tsarskoe Selo (1900).

Critics consider many of his works masterpieces, such as the poem ''The Bronze Horseman'' and the drama ''The Stone Guest'', a tale of the fall of Don Juan. His poetic short drama "Mozart and Salieri" was the inspiration for Peter Shaffer's ''Amadeus''. Pushkin himself preferred his verse novel ''Eugene Onegin'', which he wrote over the course of his life and which, starting a tradition of great Russian novels, follows a few central characters but varies widely in tone and focus. "Onegin" is a work of such complexity that, while only about a hundred pages long, translator Vladimir Nabokov needed two full volumes of material to fully render its meaning in English. Because of this difficulty in translation, Pushkin's verse remains largely unknown to English readers. Even so, Pushkin has profoundly influenced western writers like Henry James.^[7]
Pushkin's works also provided fertile ground for Russian composers. Glinka's ''Ruslan and Lyudmila'' is the earliest important Pushkin-inspired opera, and a landmark in the tradition of Russian music. Tchaikovsky's operas ''Eugene Onegin'' (1879) and ''The Queen of Spades'' (1890) became perhaps better known outside of Russia than Pushkin's own works of the same name, while Mussorgsky's monumental ''Boris Godunov'' (two versions, 1868-9 and 1871-2) ranks as one of the very finest and most original of Russian operas. Other Russian operas based on Pushkin include Dargomyzhsky's ''Rusalka'' and ''The Stone Guest''; Rimsky-Korsakov's ''Mozart and Salieri'', ''Tale of Tsar Saltan'', and ''The Golden Cockerel''; Cui's ''Prisoner of the Caucasus'', ''Feast in Time of Plague'', and ''The Captain's Daughter''; Tchaikovsky's Mazeppa; and Nápravník's ''Dubrovsky''. This is not to mention ballets and cantatas, as well as innumerable songs set to Pushkin's verse.
Some attention has also been given to Pushkin's use of a slur for Jew that could be found in his writings, as well as those of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Gogol.^[8]

Influence on the Russian language

Pushkin is usually credited with developing literary Russian. Not only is he seen as having originated the highly nuanced level of language which characterizes Russian literature after him, but he is also credited with substantially augmenting the Russian lexicon. Where he found gaps in the Russian vocabulary, he devised calques. His rich vocabulary and highly sensitive style are the foundation for modern literary Russian.

Works

The famous Pushkin Monument in Moscow, opened in 1880 by Turgenev and Dostoyevsky.

Six winged Seraph (after Pushkin's poem Prophet), 1905. By Mikhail Vrubel.

★ ''Руслан и Людмила'' (''Ruslan and Ludmila'') (1820) - poem

★ ''Кавказский пленник'' (''The Captive of the Caucasus'') (1822) - poem

★ ''Бахчисарайский фонтан'' (''The Fountain of Bakhchisaray'') (1824) - poem

★ ''Цыганы'' (''The Gypsies (narrative poem)'') (1827) - narrative poem

★ ''Полтава'' (''Poltava'') (1829)

★ ''Маленькие трагедии'' (including ''Каменный гость'' – ''The Stone Guest'', ''Моцарт и Сальери'' – ''Mozart and Salieri'', ''Скупой рыцарь'' - ''The Miserly Knight'', and ''Пир во время чумы'' - ''A Feast During the Plague'') (1830)

★ ''Борис Годунов'' (''Boris Godunov'') (1825) - drama

★ ''Сказка о попе и о работнике его Балде'' (''The Tale of the Priest and of his Workman The Dummy'') (1830) - poem

★ ''Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина'' (''The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin'') (a collection of 5 short stories: ''Выстрел'' - ''The Shot'', ''Метель'' - ''The Blizzard'', ''Гробовщик'' - ''The Undertaker'', ''Станционный смотритель'' - ''The Station Master'', and ''Барышня-крестьянка'' - ''The Squire's Daughter'') (1831) - prose

★ ''Сказка о Царе Салтане'' (''The Tale of Tsar Saltan'') (1831) - poem

★ ''Дубровский'' (''Dubrovsky'') (1832-1833, published 1841) - prose novel

★ ''Сказка о мертвой царевне и семи богатырях'' (''The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights'') (1833) - poem

★ ''Пиковая дама'' (''The Queen of Spades'') (1833) later adapted as an opera and several films - prose

★ ''Золотой Петушок'' (''The Golden Cockerel'') (1834) later adapted as an opera - poem

★ ''Сказка о рыбаке и рыбке'' (''The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish'') (1835) - poem

★ ''Евгений Онегин'' – ''Eugene Onegin'' (1825-1832) - verse novel

★ ''Медный всадник'' – ''The Bronze Horseman'' (1833) - poem

★ ''История Пугачева'' (''The History of Pugachev's Riot'') (1834) - prose non-fiction

★ ''Капитанская дочка'' (''The Captain's Daughter'') (1836) a romanticized historical novel of "Pugachevshchina", the life and times of Pugachev - prose

★ ''Кирджали'' (''Kırcali'') (1834) - short story

★ ''Гавриилиада'' (''Gavriiliada'') (1821) - poem

★ ''Вновь я посетил...'' (''I Have Visited Again'') (1835) - poem

★ ''История села Горюхина'' (''The Story of the Village of Goryukhino'') - prose, unfinished

★ ''Сцены из рыцарских времен'' (''Scenes from Chivalrous Times'') (1835)

★ ''Египетские ночи'' (''Egyptian Nights'') (1835) - short story with poetry, unfinished

★ ''К А. П. Керн'' (''To A.P. Kern'') (1828) - poem, one of the most beautiful love poems in the Russian language

★ ''Братья-Разбойники'' (''The Robber Brothers'') (1821) - play

★ ''Арап Петра Великого'' (''The Moor of Peter the Great'') (1827) - historical novel, unfinished, based on the life of his great-grandfather Gannibal

★ ''Граф Нулин'' (''Count Nulin'') (1825) - poem

★ ''Зимний вечер'' (''Winter evening'') (1825) - poem

Hoaxes and other attributed works

In the late 1980s, a book entitled ''Secret Journal 1836–1837'' was published by a Minneapolis publishing house (M.I.P. Company), claiming to be the decoded content of an encrypted private journal kept by Pushkin. Promoted with little details about its contents, and touted for many years as being 'banned in Russia', it was an erotic novel narrated from Pushkin's perspective. Some mail-order publishers still carry the work under its fictional description. In 2006 a bilingual Russian-English edition was published in Russia by Retro Publishing House.

See also

Pushkin's self-portrait on a one ruble coin, 1999

★ Pushkin Prize

★ ''Literaturnaya Gazeta''

★ Vasily Pushkin

★ Anna Petrovna Kern

★ Anton Delvig

★ Vladimir Dal

★ Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy

Notes

1. Short biography from University of Virginia, retrieved on 24 November 2006.
2. Allan Reid, "Russia's Greatest Poet/Scoundrel", retrieved on 2 September 2006.
3. BBC News, 5 June 1999, "Pushkin fever sweeps Russia", retrieved 1 September 2006.
4. BBC News, 10 June 2003, "Biographer wins rich book price", retrieved 1 September 2006.
5. Biography of Pushkin at the Russian Literary Institute "Pushkin House", retrieved 1 September 2006.
6. Maxim Gorky, "Pushkin, An Appraisal", retrieved 1 September 2006
7. Joseph S. O'Leary, ''Pushkin in 'The Aspern Papers' '', the Henry James E-Journal Number 2, March 2000, retrieved on 24 November 2006.
8. ''Russian Urges Quotas on Jews; Communists Begin to Split Over Comrade's Antisemitism.'' David Hoffman. 'The Washington Post'.A SECTION; Pg. A28. November 12, 1998.

References

★ Elaine Feinstein (ed.): ''After Pushkin: versions of the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin by contemporary poets''. Manchester: Carcanet Press; London: Folio Society, 1999 ISBN 1-85754-444-7

★ Serena Vitale: ''Pushkin's button''; transl. from the Italian by Ann Goldstein. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998 ISBN 1-85702-937-2

★ Markus Wolf: ''Freemasonry in life and literature''. With an introduction to the history of Russian Freemasonry (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner publishers, 1998 ISBN 3-87690-692-X

★ Yuri Lotman: Пушкин. Биография писателя. Статьи и заметки. Available online: [1]

Further reading

★ T. J. Binyon has written an English biography: ''Pushkin: A Biography'' (London: HarperCollins, 2002) (ISBN 0-00-215084-0; US edition: New York: Knopf, 2003; ISBN 1-4000-4110-4).

★ Yuri Druzhnikov, ''Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism'', Transaction Publishers, 1998, ISBN 1-56000-390-1

External links

★ Pushkin's Biography on kirjasto's Author's Calendar

★ Short biography of Pushkin by Caryl Emerson

★ Three reviews of T. J. Binyon's biography of Pushkin

★ Essays on Pushkin to commemorate the 200th birthday anniversary

★ Pushkin's biography

★ Pushkin's poems (English translation) includes Eugene Onegin and other points

★ Complete works (in Russian) — FEB-web's Digital Scholarly Edition (DSE) of A.S. Pushkin

★ Complete works in ten volumes. (In Russian) From the Russian Virtual Library.

★

★ The afro-american interpretation of the family history of Aleksandr Pushkin

★ The ancestors Aleksander Sergeyevich Pushkin (In Russian)

★ Poet's Page - audio readings in Russian

★ Theatre History - Plays by Pushkin

★ Pushkin's African Background