The 'Republic of Albania' (
Albanian: ''Republika e Shqipërisë'',
IPA or simply ''Shqipëria'') is a country in
Southeastern Europe. It borders
Montenegro to the north, the
Serbian province of
Kosovo to the northeast, the
Republic of Macedonia to the east, and
Greece to the south. It has a coast on the
Adriatic Sea to the west and a coast on the
Ionian Sea to the southwest. Albania is a
potential candidate for
membership in the
European Union and
NATO.
Etymology
The name Albania is derived from the name of an
Illyrian tribe called the Arbër and later
Albanoi, which lived in the modern day Albania. The derivation of the name Albania is of considerable antiquity, dating back perhaps to the pre-Celtic alb (hill), from whence Alps, or possibly from the Indo-European albh (white), from whence Albino and Albanon, referring perhaps to the snow-capped mountains of Albania.
The name of the country, Shqipëria, translates into English as Land of the Eagles, hence the two-headed bird on the national flag and because of the large presence of these animals in the mountainous zones of Albania.
History
Main articles: History of Albania
Antiquity
Bato was one of the few leaders of the Illyrian uprising against the Romans in 6 AD.
Albania, in the southeastern corner of Europe, has been populated since prehistoric times and was settled by the
Illyrians, possible ancestors of present-day Albanians.
[2][3] Situated as it was, surrounded by powerful, warring empires, Albania has experienced a considerable amount of violence throughout its history.
Greeks,
Romans,
Byzantines,
Venetians and
Ottomans swept through, leaving their cultural mark as well as their ruins. Archaeological research shows that the lands that are today inhabited by
Albanians were first populated in the
Paleolithic Age (
Stone Age). The first areas settled were those with favourable climatic and geographic conditions. In Albania, the earliest settlements have been discovered in the Gajtan cavern (
Shkodra), in
Konispol, at
Mount Dajti, and at
Saranda. Fragments of
Cyclopean structures, of the Cyclopean-Pelasgian period, were discovered at Kretsunitsa, Arinishta, and other sites in the district of
Gjirokastra. The walls, partly Cyclopean, of an ancient city (perhaps Byllis) are visible at Gradishti on the picturesque Viosa River. Few traces remain of the once celebrated Dyrrhachium (today
Durrës). The rediscovered city of
Butrint is probably more significant today than it was when
Julius Caesar used it as a provisions depot for his troops during his campaigns in the 1st century BC. At that time, it was considered to be an unimportant outpost, overshadowed by the likes of
Apollonia and
Durrës.
Albania's rich archaeological record has been explored for nearly two centuries.
Ali Pasha, the Ottoman viceroy who governed this region, encouraged early archaeological excavations at
Nikopolis in Albania around
1812. His excavations, ordered after his friend
Peter Oluf Brøndsted pointed out a place where he thought a temple might be buried, was not academic in nature. Pasha simply wished to have any treasures that were found in the area. Eventually, excavated marble was transported to his palace. Pasha also pocketed one of the coins that was found. Formal investigation and recording of Albania's archaeological monuments began with
Francois Pouqueville who was
Napolean's consul-general to Ali Pasha's court, and Martin Leake, who was the British agent there. A French mission, led by Len Rey, worked throughout Albania from
1924 to
1938 and published its results in ''Cahiers d'Archéologie, d'art et d'Histoire en Albanie et dans les Balkans'' (Notes of Archaeology, Art, and History in Albania and in the Balkans). Archaeologists today are finding remains from all periods, from the Stone Age to the early Christian era. Another project that produced prehistoric finds, though unexpectedly, was done in the valley of
Kryegjata, close to the present-day city of
Fier and in the area of
Apollonia. This excavation, a collaboration between the
University of Cincinnati and archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology in Albania, was originally a mission to learn about the colony of Apollonia. Instead, they found evidence of a settlement much older than that.
[4] In 2000, the
Albanian government established Butrint National Park, which draws about 70,000 visitors annually and is Albania's second
World Heritage site. In 2003, a synagogue dating from the 5th or 6th century AD was uncovered in
Saranda, a coastal town opposite
Corfu. It was the first time remains of an early
synagogue have been found in that area, and the history of its excavation is also noteworthy. The team found exceptional mosaics depicting items associated with Jewish holidays, including a menorah, ram's horn, and citron tree. Mosaics in the basilica of the synagogue show the facade of what resembles a Torah, animals, trees, and other biblical symbols. The structure measures 20 by 24 metres and was probably last used in the 6th century AD as a church.
Kingdom of Illyria
Statue of Illyrian soldiers in Dyrrachium (Durrës).
Most historians believe that the Albanian people are in large part descendants of the ancient Illyrians, who, like other
Balkan peoples, were subdivided into tribes and clans.
[5] The name Albania is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Arbër, or Arbëresh, and later Albanoi, that lived near Durrës.The kingdom of
Illyria grew from the general area of modern-day Albania and eventually controlled much of the eastern Adriatic coastline. Scodra was its capital, just as the city is now the most important urban center of northern Albania. The earliest known king of Illyria was Hyllus (
Albanian: Ylli,
English translation: "Star") who was recorded to have died in the year 1225 BC. The kingdom, however, reached the zenith of its expansion and development in the 4th century BC, when King
Bardhyllus (
Albanian: Bardhyli,
English translation: "White Star"), one of the most prominent of the Illyrian kings, united the kingdoms of Illyria, Molossia and a good part of
Macedon under his control. Its decay began under the same ruler as a result of the attacks made by
Philip II of Macedon, father of
Alexander the Great.
The
Illyrians created and developed their culture and language in the western part of the Balkans, where ancient writers mentioned them in their works. The regions that the Illyrians inhabited were expansive, encompassing the western Balkan peninsula, north to central Europe, and east around the Lyhind Lake (
Ohrid Lake). Other Illyrian tribes also migrated and developed in Italy. Among them were the
Messapii and
Iapyges. The name ''Illyria'' is mentioned in works since the 5th century BC while some tribes are mentioned as early as the 12th century BC by Homer.
The beginning of Illyrian origins date to the 15th century BC, during the mid-Bronze Age, when distinct Illyrian ethnic features began to form. By the
Iron Age, the Illyrians were fully distinct and had inherited their developing anthropological features and language from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The old theory that the Illyrians came from
Central Europe during the seventh to ninth centuries has been disproved by studies performed following World War II. The fact that graves with urns, characteristic of Central Europe, are not found in Illyrian settlements severely damages the theory. Central European influence on the Illyrians is a result of cultural exchanges and movement of artisans.
[6]
Greek colonies - Hellenistic Era
Architectural remains from the Greek colony of Apollonia first established in 588 BC.
From the 8th century to the 6th century BC, the
Greeks founded a string of colonies on Illyrian soil, two of the most prominent of which were
Epidamnus (modern Durrës) and
Apollonia (near modern
Fier).
The first and perhaps the most important of Greece's colonies in Albania was founded at Epidamnus in 627 B.C. by Greeks from
Corcyra (present-day Corfu) and
Corinth. Greek and Roman authors called it "the Admirable City" for its temple, statues, and other monuments. Fertile soil and a large seaport accounted for the colony's prosperity and success in commerce. Growth brought to the lower classes wealth and asubsequent desire to have more of a government voice, leading to a civil war between the small ruling class (oligarchs) and most of the population. The people requested Corinth's assistance in battle, while the oligarchs sought aid from Corcyra. Corinth was allied with
Sparta and Corcyra, upon this request, applied for aid from
Athens. Therefore, the intervention of Corinth on the side of the people and Corcyra on the side of the oligarchs led to the deeper conflict between Athens, Sparta, and their respective allies known as the
Peloponnesian War.
The early success of Epidamnus led to more Hellenic colonies in the region.
Butrint, situated on a hill in southern Albania, was founded by colonists from
Corfu in the sixth century B.C. Its original name, Buthrotum, literally means "place with much cattle and grazing land." By the fourth century B.C., Butrint had expanded greatly and included a 5,000-seat theater. In the Aeneid, Vergil claims that the city was founded by Aeneas himself. Another significant colony, Apollonia, was named after the god Apollo. It was founded in 588 B.C., and it prospered because of its role as a link between Brundisium (now Brindisi) in Italy and southern Albania. Many smaller Greek settlements were established around Albania during this time, but Epidamnus, Butrint, and Apollonia were the most important. The colonies flourished into the Roman period, yet it was during the
Hellenistic Age that they reached their peak. From the fourth to the second centuries B.C., the colonies (composed of both Greeks and Illyrians) became centers of art, intellectual development, music, and theater. Apollonia was particularly noted for its philosophy school.
Roughly parallel with the rise of Greek colonies, Illyrian tribes began to evolve politically from relatively small and simple entities into larger and more complex ones. At first they formed temporary alliances with one another for defensive or offensive purposes, then federations and, still later, kingdoms. Under the rule of King Glaukia, the Illyrian state strengthened rapidly. In 355 BC, war broke out against
Alexander of Macedonia to free the eastern territories and in the meantime
Apollonia was freed from Macedonian rule. Glaukia's successors (Monun and Mytyl) strengthened the Illyrian state economically and minted both bronze and silver coins. Soon after the mid-3rd century BC, under the reign of
Pleurat and
Agron, the Illyrian state started to prosper again. In 231 BC, they entered into an alliance with
Acarnania and became a prominent power in the
Balkans.
Roman and Byzantine Era
Prætorian Guard.
The Romans militarily destroyed Illyrian autonomy in 165 BC. Roman Albania was traversed by the
Via Egnatia, the Roman road that linked east with west and Rome with the far eastern reaches of its empire. After being conquered by the
Roman Empire,
Illyria was reorganized as a
Roman province.
Illyricum was later divided into the provinces of
Dalmatia and
Pannonia, the lands comprising modern-day Albania. Many Illyrians during Roman rule contributed significantly to the ranks of the
Prætorian Guard. The
Albanian language borrowed a great number of Latin words, mostly religious and liturgical terms. This was due to the fact that Albania was at first attached to the See of Rome, though the religion of Jesus was preached to the Albanians by
St. Paul himself during a visit he made to
Durazzo.
In the first decades under
Byzantine rule (until 461), Illyria suffered the devastation of raids by
Visigoths,
Huns, and
Ostrogoths. Not long after these barbarian invaders swept through the Balkans, the
Slavs appeared. Between the 6th and 8th centuries they settled in Illyrian territories and proceeded to assimilate Illyrian tribes in much of what is now
Slovenia,
Croatia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
Serbia. The tribes of southern Illyria, however, including modern Albania, averted assimilation and preserved their native tongue. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Albania was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire, administered from
Constantinople. Albania was under Byzantine rule until the 14th century AD when the Ottoman Turks began to make incursions into the empire. The Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453 and by 1460 almost all former Byzantine territories were in the hands of the Turks.
Ottoman Era
The Ottoman Turks expanded their empire from Anatolia to the Balkans in the 14th century. By the 15th century, the Turks has brought under subjection nearly all of the Balkan peninsula except for a small coastal strip which is included in present-day Albania. Albanian resistance to the Turks in the mid-15th century won them acclaim all over Europe. Albania became a symbol of resistance to the Ottoman Turks but suffered an almost continuous state of warfare.
[7] One of the most successful resistance against the invading
Ottomans, was led by
Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg from 1443 to 1468. After the death of Skanderbeg, resistance continued until 1478, although with only moderate success. The loyalties and alliances created and nurtured by Skanderbeg faltered and fell apart, and the Ottomans conquered the territory of Albania shortly after the fall of
Kruje's castle. Albania then became part of the
Ottoman Empire. They would remain a part of the Ottoman Empire as the provinces of
İşkodra,
Manastır and
Yanya until 1912.
Effects of the Balkan Wars
After the
Second Balkan War, the Ottomans were removed from Albania and there was a possibility of some of the lands being absorbed by
Serbia and the southern tip by
Greece. This decision angered the
Italians, who did not want Serbia to have an extended coastline, and it also angered the
Austro-Hungarians, who did not want a powerful Serbia on their southern border. Despite Serbian,
Montenegrin, and Greek occupation forces on the ground, and under immense pressure from Austria-Hungary, it was decided that the country should not be divided but instead consolidated into the
Principality of Albania. However, the Austro-Italian project was not successful.
Monarchy
From 1925, the country was ruled by President Ahmet Zogu who, in 1928, declared himself
King Zog I, the first Albanian monarch since Gjergj Kastriot Skenderbej. Styling himself a European king, he married Hungarian noblewoman
Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Apponyi. His reign ended when Italian fascists invaded Albania in
April 7,
1939. The communists took power after the Second World War. After the fall of the communist government, his son
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania and the royal family returned to Albania on
June 28,
2002.
World War II
Albania was one of the first countries occupied by the
Axis Powers in World War II. Mussolini invaded and occupied Albania, while the world was focused on German military actions in
Czechoslovakia and
Poland. As Hitler began his aggressions, the Italian dictator set his eyes on Albania across the Adriatic from Italy. Despite some resistance, especially at Durrës, Italy invaded Albania on
April 7,
1939 and took control of the country. On April 12, the Albanian parliament voted to unite the country with Italy. Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and the Italians set up a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci and soon absorbed Albania's military and diplomatic institutions. Mussolini, in October 1940, used his Albanian base to launch an attack on Greece. During WWII, Albanian nationalist groups, including communist partisans, fought against the Italians and subsequently the Germans. By October
1944 they'd thrown the Germans out, the only East European nation to do so without the assistance of Soviet troops.The partially French-educated
Enver Hoxha became the leader of the country by virtue of his position as secretary general of the Party of Labor (the Albanian Communist Party). The
Communist Party was created on
November 8,
1941 with the help of other
Bolshevik Communist Parties.
The Holocaust in Albania
Albania is unique in that it is the only European country occupied by the Nazis that ended World War II with a larger
Jewish population than before the War. The Albanian response to the Holocaust is especially notable because it was Europe's only largely Muslim country. Even so only a Jewish family of six was deported and killed during the Nazi occupation of Albania.
[8] Not only did the Albanians protect their own Jews, but they provided refuge for Jews from neighboring countries. The Albanians refused to comply and hand over lists of Jews. Instead they provided the Jewish families with fake documents and helped them disperse in the Albanian population.
[8]
In February 1944, when the Nazis descended upon the mountain hiding place, not a single Jew fell into their hands.
[10] During the Holocaust, Albania was the only country in Europe that protected and sheltered its entire Jewish population, both native and foreign.
[11] There was no history of ideological
anti-Semitism in Albania so it was unique in this regard.
[12] The small number of Jews in Albania also played a key role in the possibility to protect them all. During the Italian occupation, they were able to disperse and blend in with the general population. However, the role of the Albanian population in saving Jews is undeniable.
The People's Republic of Albania
From 1944 to 1991, Albania became a
People's Republic and was a one-party state in which
Enver Hoxha ruled with an austere hand. In 1961, he broke with Albania’s closest ally, the
Soviet Union, because he believed
Khrushchev had abandoned the teachings of
Stalin. Subsequently, Albania’s closest ally was the
People’s Republic of China. However, when the PRC established diplomatic relations with the United States in 1978, Hoxha denounced the Chinese as well and decided to pursue a policy of self-reliance. The result was not only extreme isolation but also absolute financial ruin for Albania. An example of this may be drawn from the construction between 1974 and 1986 of approximately 700,000 reinforced concrete bunkers to defend against an anticipated multi-front attack. Upon Hoxha’s death in 1985,
Ramiz Alia succeeded him as both party and state leader. Alia was Hoxha’s protégé, but was less repressive than the former leader and began to allow some reforms. This process was accelerated by news of the changes in other communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There are statistics which show that during this period about 6000 Albanian citizens were executed for political reasonsDespite this, the quality of life improved as both life expectancy and literacy showed large gains and economic growth continued until the mid 1970s.
Return to Capitalism
The first massive anti-communist protests took place in July 1990. Shortly afterwards, the communist regime under Ramiz Alia carried out some cosmetic changes in the economy. At the end of 1990, after strong student protests and independent syndicated movements, the regime accepted a multiparty system. The first multiparty general elections were held on
March 31,
1991 and the Communist Party (PPSH) won the majority. Opposition parties accused the government of manipulation and called for new elections, which were held on
March 22,
1992 and resulted in a coalition (composed of the Democratic Party, the Social-Democrats, and the Republican Party) coming to power.
In the general elections of June 1996, the Democratic Party won an absolute majority and the results, winning over 85% of parliamentary seats. In 1997, widespread riots erupted after the
International Monetary Fund forced the state to liberalize banking practices. Many citizens, naive to the workings of a market economy, put their entire savings into
pyramid schemes. In a short while, $2 billion (80% of the country's GDP) had been moved into the hands of just a few pyramid scheme owners, causing severe economic troubles and civic unrest. Police stations and military bases were looted of millions of
Kalashnikovs and other weapons. Anarchy prevailed,
[13] and militia and even less-organized armed citizens controlled many cities. Naturally, American military advisers left the country for their own safety. The government of
Aleksander Meksi resigned and a
government of national unity was built. In response to the anarchy, the Socialist Party won the early elections of 1997 and Berisha resigned the Presidency.
However, stability was far from being restored in the years after the
1997 riots. The power feuds raging inside the Socialist Party led to a series of short-lived Socialist governments. The country was flooded with refugees from neighboring
Kosovo in 1998 and 1999 during the
Kosovo War. In June 2002, a compromise candidate,
Alfred Moisiu, a former general, was elected to succeed President
Rexhep Meidani. Parliamentary elections in July 2005 brought
Sali Berisha, as leader of the Democratic Party, back to power, mostly owing to Socialist infighting and a series of corruption scandals plaguing the government of
Fatos Nano. The Euro-Atlantic integration of Albania has been the ultimate goal of the post-communist governments. Albania's
EU membership bid has been set as a priority by the European Commission. In 2006, Albania signed a
Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU, thus completing the first major step towards joining the bloc. Albania, along with Croatia and the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, hopes to receive an invitation to join
NATO in 2008.
[14]
The workforce of Albania has continued to migrate to Greece, Italy, Germany, other parts of Europe, and North America. However, the migration flux is slowly decreasing, as more and more opportunities are emerging in Albania itself as its economy steadily develops. Albanian emigrants have achieved great success in multiple geographies and disciplines abroad. In particular, there is now a significant Albanian community in the
United Kingdom, in cities such as
Birmingham and
Manchester. The Albanian diaspora is most prevalent in
Liverpool, where Albanian cuisine has something of a cult following. Pulitzer prize winning journalist Caroline Thorpe, who is currently an emeritus professor at the
University of Liverpool, recently noted that 'Albanian food has become as synonymous with Liverpool as Bill Shankley or the Beatles!'.
Counties and districts
Counties of Albania
,
Districts of Albania
Albania is divided into twelve counties (
Albanian: official ''qark''/''qarku'', but often ''prefekturë''/''prefektura''), sometimes translated as
prefecture). Each county is subdivided into several districts:
| | County | Districts | Capital |
|---|
| 1 | Berat | Berat, Kuçovë, Skrapar | Berat |
| 2 | Dibër | Bulqizë, Dibër, Mat | Peshkopi |
| 3 | Durrës | Durrës, Krujë | Durrës |
| 4 | Elbasan | Elbasan, Gramsh, Librazhd, Peqin | Elbasan |
| 5 | Fier | Fier, Lushnjë, Mallakastër | Fier |
| 6 | Gjirokastër | Gjirokastër, Përmet, Tepelenë | Gjirokastër |
| 7 | Korçë | Devoll, Kolonjë, Korçë, Pogradec | Korçë |
| 8 | Kukës | Has, Kukës, Tropojë | Kukës |
| 9 | Lezhë | Kurbin, Lezhë, Mirditë | Lezhë |
| 10 | Shkodër | Malësi e Madhe, Pukë, Shkodër | Shkodër |
| 11 | Tirana | Kavajë, Tirana | Tirana |
| 12 | Vlorë | Delvinë, Sarandë, Vlorë | Vlorë |
Geography
One of many beaches in Albania.
Albania has a total area of 28,750 square kilometers. Its coastline is 362 kilometres long and stretches on the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea. The lowlands of the west face the Adriatic Sea. The 70% of the country that is mountainous is rugged and often inaccessible. The highest mountain is
Korab situated in the district of Dibra, reaching up to 2,753 metres (9,032 ft). The country has a
continental climate at its high altitude regions with cold winters and hot summers. Besides the capital city of
Tirana, which has 800,000 inhabitants, the principal cities are
Durrës,
Elbasan,
Shkodër,
Gjirokastër,
Vlorë,
Korçë and
Kukës. In Albanian grammar, a word can have indefinite and definite forms, and this also applies to city names: both Tiranë and Tirana, Shkodër and Shkodra are used.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Albania
As of July 2007, Albania's population of 3,844,841 is growing by 0.73% per year.
[15] Albania is a largely ethnically homogeneous country with only small minorities. Approximately 96% of the total population is
Albanian. Minorities include
Greeks,
Aromanians,
Torbesh,
Gorani,
Macedonian Slavs,
Roma,
Montenegrins,
Bulgarians,
Balkan Egyptians and
Jews. The dominant language is
Albanian, with two main dialects,
Gheg and
Tosk. Many Albanians are also fluent in
English,
Italian and
Greek.
Religion
Christianity manifested itself in Albania during Roman rule during the middle of the 1st century AD. At first, the new religion had to compete with Oriental cults such as those worshiping
Mithra, the
Persian god of light, which had entered the land in the wake of Albania's growing interaction with eastern regions of the Roman Empire. For a long time, it also had to compete with gods worshiped by Illyrian pagans. The steady growth of the Christian community in
Dyrrhachium (the Roman name for Epidamnus) led to the creation there of a bishopric in 58 AD. Later, episcopal seats were established in Apollonia, Buthrotum (modern Butrint), and Scodra (modern Shkodra).
After the division of the
Roman Empire in 395, Albania became politically a part of the
Eastern Roman Empire, but remained ecclesiastically dependent on Rome. When the final schism occurred in 1054 between the Western and Eastern churches, the Christians in southern Albania came under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch in
Constantinople, and those in the north came under the purview of the Papacy in Rome. This arrangement prevailed until the
Ottoman invasions of the 14th century, when the Islamic faith was introduced.
One of the major legacies of nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule was the conversion of up to 60 percent of the Albanian population to Islam. Therefore, the country emerged as a predominantly Muslim nation after its independence from Ottoman rule. In the mountainous north, the propagation of Islam was strongly opposed by Roman Catholics. Albania was preponderantly Roman Catholic, with eighteen episcopal Sees, some of which have an uninterrupted history from the dawn of Christendom until today. Albania was the last Roman Catholic bridgehead in the
Balkans and the
Popes were doing everything in their power to keep it and enlarge it. Gradually, however, backwardness, illiteracy, and the absence of an educated clergy and material inducements weakened the resistance.
The
Communist regime, during its 45 years of absolute rule, religion was officially banned, and Albania was proclaimed as the first and only
atheist state in the world. Today, with the freedom of religion and worship, Albania contains numerous religions and denominations; however, within a
Muslim majority that may amount to 60% of the total population.
[16][17][18][19] Religious fanaticism has never been a problem,
[20] with people from different religious groups living in peace.
[15] Interreligious marriage is very common, and an immensely strong sense of Albanian identity has tended to bind Albanians of all religious practices together.
[22] The
Roman Catholics are mostly located in the northern part of the country, particularly in the cities of Shkodër and
Kruja, while
Orthodox Christians lived in the southern districts of Gjirokastër, Korçë, Berat, and Vlorë. The
Muslims were spread throughout the land, although they particularly dominated the centre. Most of them were traditional
Sunnites, but about one-quarter were members of the liberal, panentheistic
Bektashi sect, which for a time had its headquarters in Tiranë.
For generations, religious pragmatism was a distinctive trait of the Albanians. Even after accepting Islam, many people privately remained practicing Christians. As late as 1912, in a large number of villages in the Elbasan area, most men had two names, a Muslim one for public use and a Christian one for private use. Adherence to ancient pagan beliefs also continued well into the 20th century, particularly in the northern mountain villages, many of which were devoid of churches and mosques. A poet named
Pashko Vasa (1825-1892), known as Vaso Pasha, made the trenchant remark, later co-opted by Enver Hoxha, that "the religion of the Albanians is Albanianism." It is estimated that only 30-40% of Albanians actively practice a religion.
[23] Despite such a diverse religious background, Albania has been free of religious conflict, mainly because Albanians have traditionally displayed a high degree of religious tolerance.
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Albania
Since the fall of communism in 1990, Albania has launched economic programmes towards a more open-market
economy. The democratically elected government that assumed office in April 1992 launched an ambitious economic reform programme to halt economic deterioration and put the country on the path towards a market economy. Key elements included price and exchange system liberalization, fiscal consolidation, monetary restraint, and a firm income policy. These were complemented by a comprehensive package of structural reforms, including privatization, enterprise, and financial sector reform, and creation of the legal framework for a market economy and private sector activity. Most prices were liberalized and are now approaching levels typical of the region. Most
agriculture, state housing, and small industry were privatized, along with transportation, services, and small and medium-sized enterprises. After severe economic contraction following 1989, the economy slowly rebounded, finally surpassing its 1989 levels by the end of the 1990s.
[24] Since prices have also risen, however, economic hardship has continued for much of the population. In 1995, Albania began privatizing large state enterprises. Since 2000, Albania has experienced a more rapid expansion of its economy.
Following the signing of the
Stabilisation and Association Agreement in June/July 2006, EU ministers urged Albania to push ahead with reforms, focusing on freedom of press, property rights, institution building, respect for ethnic minorities and observing international standards in municipal elections. Albania has made an impressive recovery, building a modern and diversified economy. Recent administrations have also improved the country's infrastructure and opened competition in seaports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution and airports.
Tourism in Albania is a large industry and is growing rapidly. The most notable tourist attractions are the ancient sites of
Apollonia,
Butrinti, and
Krujë. Albania's coastline is becoming increasingly popular with tourists due to its relatively unspoiled nature and its beaches.
Military
Main articles: Military of Albania
The Albanian Armed Forces are overseen by the General Staff Headquarters, and consists of Land Forces Command (Army), Naval Forces Command (Navy), Air Defense Command, Doctrine and Training Command and Logistics Command. In 2002, Albania's armed forces have launched a 10-year reform program sponsored and supervised by the
United States Department of Defense in order to trim down and thoroughly modernize its current standing force of more than 25,000 troops.
[25] Working towards
NATO membership, the Adriatic Charter countries (Albania,
Croatia and the former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia) are expected to join the alliance in 2008.
[26] Currently, the Albanian army participates in peacekeeping missions in both
Afghanistan and
Iraq.
Gallery
See also
; Lists
★
List of Albania-related articles
★
List of Albanians
★
List of Albanian writers
★
List of Albanian-Americans
★
International rankings of Albania
References
1. International Monetary Fund - Albania (GDP)
2. Dosti, R. "Albania's ancient history surfaces." ''The Times''. p. 1. September 3, 2006.
3. Constanine A. C., and Charles, D. ''Albania Past and Present''. Columbia University, p. 10. April, 1919.
4. Diane Michelle Fox. ''Under Albanian Soil - A brief history of archaeological activity, both past and present, in Albania.'' August 12, 2004.[3]
5. Encyclopedia Britannica - Messapic language
6. The Illyrians
7. Library of Congress Country Study of Albania
8. Shoah Research Center - Albania.
9. Shoah Research Center - Albania.
10. Sarner. ''Rescue in Albania: One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from the Holocaust'', 1997.
11. Anti-Defamation League
12. Escape Through the Balkans: the Autobiography of Irene Grunbaum (University of Nebraska Press, 1996)
13. 1997: The Albanian insurrection (libcom.org)
14. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network - Albania Seeks Firm NATO Entry Date (February 22, 2006)
15. CIA - The World Factbook - Albania
16. US Department of State - International Religious Freedom Report 2006
17. L'Albanie en 2005
18. Zuckerman, Phil. "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns", Chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (2005) [4]
19. Goring, Rosemary (ed). Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions (Larousse: 1994); pp. 581-584. Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs" [5]
20. U.S. Department of State - Albania
21. CIA - The World Factbook - Albania
22. Encyclopedia Britannica - Albania (Religion)
23. U.S. Department of State - Albania
24. GDP per capita
25. http://www.mod.gov.al/
26. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_Action_Plan
External links
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Presidency of Albania
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The Albanian Parliament
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Albanian Institute of Statistics
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Department of Information
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OPIC Guide on Albania
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National Tourism Organization Albania's official website for travel & tourism information.
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Tourism, Krujë
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VIVAlbania, hospitality and ecotourism in Albania
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Treasure of the national library of Albania
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