BILHOROD-DNISTROVSKYI

(Redirected from Akkerman)
:''"Akkerman" redirects here. For other uses, see Akkerman (disambiguation). For the city in Russia, see Belgorod.''

'Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi' (, transliteration: ''Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyi'') is a city situated on the right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea) in the Odessa Oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine, in the historical region of Bessarabia. In 2004, its population was estimated at 48,100.

Contents

Names

Administrative status

History

Natives

External links

Names

The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is also referred to by alternative transliterations from Ukrainian as 'Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky' or 'Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyy'.
Previous settlements on the current site of the city were called 'Ophiusa' (Οφιούσα) or 'Tyras' (Τύρας) , also the name for the Dniester) by the ancient Greeks and 'Album Castrum' ("White Castle") by the Romans.
The Byzantine fortress was first noted as 'Asperon', a name deriving from the local Turkic Pecheneg word for "white," after the appearance of the shoreline with its high content of white animal shells. The word "white" as a basis for the name of the city has persisted ever since.
Greek forms of the name were 'Leukopolis' (Λευκόπολης), meaning "white city", 'Asprokastron' (Ασπρόκαστρον) from ''Asperon'', and 'Maurokastron' (Μαύροκαστρον), ironically meaning "black castle". The latter was modified to Latin 'Maurocastrum' and 'Moncastrum' and, later, became Italian 'Moncastro' or 'Maurocastro'.
From 1503 to 1918 and 1940 to 1941, the city was known as 'Akkerman' (), Turkish for "white rock". From 1918 to 1940 and 1941 to 1944, the city was known by its Romanian name of 'Cetatea Albă', literally "white citadel" (Четатя Албэ in the Moldovan alphabet, which is no longer official). From 1944 to 1991, the city was most commomly known by its Russian name of 'Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy' (Бе́лгород-Днестро́вский), literally "white city on the Dniester". Currently, the city is most commonly referred to by the the Ukrainian version of the same name Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyi (Білгород-Дністровський).
The city is known by translations of "white city" or "white rock" in a number of languages including Белгород Днестровски (''Belgorod-Dnestrovski'') in Bulgarian, ''Akerman'' (Акерман) in Gagauz, ''Białogród nad Dniestrem'' in Polish, ''Dnyeszterfehérvár'' in Hungarian, עיר לבן (''Ir Lavan'') in Hebrew, and ''Walachisch Weißenburg'' by local German speakers (although ''Akkerman'' was usually used).
In western European languages, including English, the city has typically been known by the official name of the time or a transliteration derived from it.

Administrative status

Serving as the administrative center of the Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion (district), Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi itself is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the ''oblast'' authorities rather to the ''raion'' administration housed in the city itself.

History

In the 6th century BC, Milesian colonists founded a settlement named Tyras on the future location of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, one which later came under Roman and Byzantine rule. The Byzantines built the fortress and named it ''Asprocastron'' ("White Castle" - a meaning kept in several languages). The ''Voskresensk Chronicle'' lists Belgorod "at the mouth of the Dniester, above the sea" among the towns controlled by Kievan Rus.
In 14th century the city was briefly controlled by the Republic of Genoa and by King Louis I of Hungary. Sfântul Ioan cel Nou (''Saint John the New''), the protector of Moldavia, was martyred in the city in 1330 during a Tatar incursion. In 1391, Cetatea Albă was the last city on the right bank of the Dnister to be incorporated into the newly-established principality of Moldavia, and for the next century was its second major city, the major port and an important fortress, serving as the capital of ''Ţara de Jos'' (the "Lower Country"), one of the two divisions of Moldavia (alongside Bukovina).
In 1420, it was attacked for the first time by the Ottomans, but defended successfully by Moldavian Prince Alexander the Kind.
In 1484, along with Kilia, it was the last of Black Sea ports to be conquered by the Ottomans. The Moldavian prince Stephen the Great was unable to aid in its defence, being under threat of a Polish invasion. The citadel surrendered when the Ottomans claimed to have reached an agreement with Prince Stephen, and promised safe passage to the inhabitants and their belongings; however, most of the city-dwellers were slaughtered. Later, attempts by Stephen the Great to restore his rule over the area were unsuccessful. Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi was subsequently a base from which the Ottomans were able to attack Moldavia proper.

It was established as the fortress of ''Akkerman'', part of the Ottoman defensive system against Poland-Lithuania and, later, the Russian Empire. Major battles between the Ottomans and the Russians were fought near Bilhorod in 1770 and 1789. Russia conquered the town in 1770, 1774, and 1806, but returned it after the conclusion of hostilities. It was not incorporated into Russia until 1812, along with the rest of Bessarabia.
On September 25, 1826, Russia and the Ottomans signed the ''Akkerman Convention'' which imposed that the hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia be elected by their respective Divans for seven-year terms, with the approval of both Powers. It also imposed the retreat of Ottoman forces from both countries after their prolonged stay following military actions in 1821 (that were carried in response to the Philikí Etaireía in the Greek War of Independence), and Tudor Vladimirescu's actions. The Ottomans also agreed to cede to Wallachia the control over the Danube ports of Giurgiu, Brăila and Turnu. The provisions regarding the hospodars were never implemented, due to the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 and the subsequent period of Russian presence in the Danubian Principalities (''see Regulamentul Organic'').
In 1918 Bilhorod, along with the rest of Bessarabia, became part of Romania. In the interwar period, projects aimed to expand the city and port were reviewed. Romania ceded the city to the Soviet Union following the 1940 Soviet Ultimatum but recaptured it in 1941 during the invasion of the USSR by the Axis forces in the course of the Second World War and held it until 1944 when the Red Army advance re-established the Soviet control over the area. The Soviets divided Bessarabia and its southern sides (including Bilhorod) became part of the Ukrainian SSR, and after 1991, of nowadays Ukraine.
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the majority of city population are Ukrainians. The rest are Russians (28%), Bulgarians (4%) and Moldovans (2%).

Natives

★ Nicolae Văcăroiu, former Prime Minister of Romania and the former President of Romania (interim)

External links

★ Soviet topographic map 1:100,000

★ Fortress in Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky