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'''Agrobacterium''' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that causes tumors in plants. ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' is the most commonly studied species in this genus. ''Agrobacterium'' is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for plant improvement by genetic engineering.
The ''Agrobacterium'' genus is quite heterogeneous. Recent taxonomic studies have reclassified all of the ''Agrobacterium'' species in to new genera, such as ''Ruegeria'', ''Pseudorhodobacter'' and ''Stappia'', but most species have been reclassified as ''Rhizobium'' species.

Contents

Plant pathogen

Agrobacterium in biotechnology

See also

External links

Plant pathogen

''A. tumefaciens'' causes crown-gall disease in plants. The disease is characterised by a tumour like growth or gall on the infected plant, often at the junction between the root and the shoot. Tumors are incited by the transfer of a DNA (T-DNA) segment from the bacterial tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The closely related species, ''A. rhizogenes'', induces root tumors, and carries the distinct Ri (root-inducing) plasmid. Although the taxonomy of ''Agrobacterium'' is currently under revision it can be generalised that 3 biovars exist within the genus, ''A. tumefaciens'' or biovar 1, ''A. rhizogenes'' or biovar 2, and ''A. vitis'' or biovar 3. Strains within biovars 1 and 2 are known to be able to harbour either a Ti or Ri-plasmid, whilst strains of biovar 3, generally restricted to grapevines, can harbour a Ti-plasmid. Non-Agrobacterium strains have been isolated from environmental samples which harbour a Ri-plasmid whilst laboratory studies have shown that non-Agrobacterium strains can also harbour a Ti-plasmid. Many environmental strains of ''Agrobacterium'' do not possess either a Ti or Ri-plasmid. These strains are avirulent.
The plasmid T-DNA is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell (Francis and Spiker, 2005. Plant Journal. 41(3): 464.), and the virulence (vir) genes on the T-DNA are expressed, causing the formation of a gall. The T-DNA carries genes for the biosynthetic enzymes for the production of unusual amino acids, typically octopine or nopaline. It also carries genes for the biosyntheis of the plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins. By altering the hormone balance in the plant cell, the division of those cells cannot be controlled by the plant, and tumors form. The ratio of auxin to cytokinin produced by the tumor genes determines the morphology of the tumor (root-like, disorganized or shoot-like).

Agrobacterium in biotechnology

The ability of ''Agrobacterium'' to transfer genes to plants has been exploited for genetic engineering for plant improvement. A modified Ti or Ri plasmid can be used. The plasmid is 'disarmed' by deletion of the tumor inducing genes, the only essential parts of the T-DNA are its two small (25 base pair) border repeats, at least one of which is needed for plant transformation. Marc Van Montagu and Jozef Schell at the University of Ghent (Belgium) discovered the gene transfer mechanism between Agrobacterium and plants, which resulted in the development of methods to alter Agrobacterium into an efficient delivery system for gene engineering in plants. A team of researchers led by Dr Mary-Dell Chilton were the first to demonstrate that the virulence genes could be removed without adversely affecting the ability of ''Agrobacterium'' to insert its own DNA into the plant genome (1983).
The genes to be introduced into the plant are cloned into a plant transformation vector that containes the T-DNA region of the disarmed plasmid, together with a selectable marker (such as antibiotic resistance) to enable selection for plants that have been successfully transformed. Plants are grown on media containing antibiotic following transformation, and those that do not have the T-DNA integrated into their genome will die. An alternative method is agroinfiltration.

Transformation with ''Agrobacterium'' can be achieved in two ways. Protoplasts, or leaf-discs can be incubated with the ''Agrobacterium'' and whole plants regenerated using plant tissue culture. A common transformation protocol for ''Arabidopsis'' is the floral-dip method: the flowers are dipped in an ''Agrobacterium'' culture, and the bacterium transforms the germline cells that make the female gametes. The seeds can then be screened for antibiotic resistance (or another marker of interest), and plants that have not integrated the plasmid DNA will die.
''Agrobacterium'' does not infect all plant species, but there are several other effective techniques for plant transformation including the gene gun.

See also

★ Agroinfiltration

★ Marc Van Montagu

External links

★ Current taxonomy of ''Agrobacterium'' species, and new ''Rhizobium'' names

★ Agrobacteria is used as gene ferry - Transfer of genetic information to other bacteria?