AFFRICATE CONSONANT

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'Affricate' consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel.

Samples

The English sounds spelled "ch" and "j" (transcribed and in IPA), German and Italian ''z'' and Italian ''z'' are typical affricates. These sounds are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese. However, other than , voiced affricates are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they aren't attested at all.
Much less common are e.g. labiodental affricates, such as in German, or velar affricates, such as in Tswana (written ''kg'') or High Alemannic Swiss German dialects (depending on the dialect also uvular ). Worldwide, only a few languages have affricates in these positions, even though the corresponding stop consonants are virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative is lateral, such as the sound found in Nahuatl and Totonac. Many Athabaskan languages (such as Dene Suline and Navajo) have series of coronal affricates which may be unaspirated, aspirated, or ejective in addition to being interdental/dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral, i.e. , , , , , , , , , , , and . Affricates may also be contrasted by palatalization, as in the Erzya language, where voiceless alveolar, postalveolar and palatal affricates are contrasted. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by a chroneme, as in Karelian.

Notation

Affricates are often represented by the two sounds they consist of (e.g. , ). However, single signs for the affricates may be desirable, in order to stress that they function as unitary speech segments (i.e. as phonemes). In this case, the IPA recommends joining the two elements of the affricate by a tie bar (e.g. , ). Ligatures are available in Unicode for the six common affricates , , , , , and .
Another method is to indicate the release of the affricate with a superscript: , . This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript.
In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist system, the affricates , , , , , and are represented as or ; , , or (older) ; or ; , , or (older) ; ; and or respectively. Within the IPA, and are sometimes transcribed as palatal stops, and .

Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences

Affricates can contrast with stop-fricative sequences. Examples include:
: Polish: in ''czysta'' 'clean (f.)' vs. in ''trzysta'' 'three hundred',
and
: Klallam: in 'look at me' vs. in 'he looks at it'.
The difference is that in the stop-fricative sequence, the stop has a release of its own before the fricative starts, but in the affricate, the fricative element ''is'' the release. Stop-fricative sequences may have a syllable boundary between the two segments.
Affricates and stop-fricative sequences are also distinguished phonemically. In English, and (as in ''nuts'' and ''nods'') are considered to be sequences of a stop phoneme and a fricative phoneme even though they are phonetically affricates, because they may have a morpheme boundary in them (e.g. ''nuts'' is ''nut'' + ''s''). The real English affricate phonemes and cannot have a morpheme boundary, and in order to show that they are not sequences of phonemes, some notation systems use <č> and <ǰ> to represent these two affricates (though this is not considered standard IPA notation).

List of affricates

In the case of coronals, the symbols are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, is commonly seen for . For legibility, the tie bars have been removed from the table entries.
The exemplar languages are ones that these sounds have been reported from, but in several cases they may need confirmation.

Trilled affricates

★ Prenasalized trilled bilabial affricate (in Kele)

★ Voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate (in Wari’)

★ Voiceless alveolar trilled affricate (in Ngkoth)

★ Voiceless retroflex trilled affricate (in Malagasy) (''needs confirmation;'' a similar sound in the southern dialect of Mapudungun is reported to vary with .)

★ Voiced retroflex trilled affricate (in Malagasy) (''needs confirmation;'' a similar sound in Fijian is a prenasalized postalveolar stop that seldom has a trilled release)

Other Affricates

The more common of the voiceless affricates are all attested as ejectives as well: . Several Khoisan languages such as !Xóõ are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually consonant clusters: . Affricates are also commonly aspirated: , occasionally murmured: , and sometimes prenasalized: . Labialized, palatalized, velarized, and pharyngealized affricates also occur.

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AFFRICATE CONSONANT

Samples

Notation

Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences

List of affricates

Sibilant affricates

Non-sibilant affricates

Lateral affricates

Trilled affricates

Other Affricates

Citations

See also

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