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An 'affix' is a morpheme that is attached to a base morpheme such as a root or to a stem, to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English ''-ness'' and ''pre-'', or inflectional, like English plural ''-s'' and past tense ''-ed''.

Contents

Types of affixes

Lexical affixes

See also

Bibliography

Types of affixes

Affixes are divided into several types, depending on their position with reference to the root:

★ Prefixes (attached before another morpheme)

★ Suffixes (attached after another morpheme)

★ Infixes (inserted within another morpheme) -- very much used in Borneo-Philippines languages

★ Circumfixes (attached before and after another morpheme or set of morphemes)

★ Interfixes (semantically empty linking elements in compounds)

★ Suprafixes (also ''superfix'', attached suprasegmentally to another morpheme)

★ Simulfixes (also ''transfix'' or ''root-and-pattern morphology'', discontinuous affix interwoven throughout a discontinuous base)

★ Duplifix (little used term referring to affix composed of both a reduplicated and non-reduplicated element, see Reduplication and other processes)
Affixes are bound morphemes by definition. Prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
There also has been a proposal of a somewhat different type of affix, a ''disfix'' or ''subtractive morpheme'', which subtracts phonological segments from bases.
Affixes are central to the process of concatenation.

affix	example
prefix	''un''do ''prefix''-root
suffix	look''ing'' root-''suffix''
infix 1	(Tagalog Root: 'dugo' ''blood'') d''in''ugo ro<''infix''>ot
circumfix	Kabyle: "bride" (compare to "groom") ''circumfix''>root<''circumfix''
suprafix	'pro'duce (noun) pro'duce' (verb) (changing stress)

¹ English tmeses, as in this example, are by some considered infixes. See Expletive infixation.

Lexical affixes

''Lexical affixes'' (or ''semantic affixes'') are bound elements that appear as affixes, but function as incorporated nouns within verbs and as elements of compound nouns. In other words, they are similar to word roots/stems in function but similar to affixes in form. Although similar to incorporated nouns, lexical affixes differ in that they never occur as freestanding nouns, i.e. they always appear as affixes.
Lexical affixes are relatively rare. The Wakashan, Salishan, and Chimakuan languages all have lexical suffixes — the presence of these is an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest of the North America.
The lexical suffixes of these languages often show little to no resemblance to free nouns with similar meanings. Compare the lexical suffixes and free nouns of Northern Straits Saanich written in the Saanich orthography and in Americanist notation:

Lexical Suffix			Noun
-O,	-aʔ	"person"	,EL̶TÁLṈEW̱	ʔəɬtelŋəxʷ	"person"
-NÁT	-net	"day"	SC̸IĆEL	skʷičəl	"day"
-SEN	-sən	"foot, lower leg"	SXENE,	sx̣ənəʔ	"foot, lower leg"
-ÁWTW̱	-ew̕txʷ	"building, house, campsite"	,Á,LEṈ	ʔeʔləŋ	"house"

Lexical suffixes when compared with free nouns often have a more generic or general meaning. For instance, one of these languages may have a lexical suffix that means water in a general sense, but it may not have any noun equivalent referring to water in general and instead have several nouns with a more specific meaning (such "saltwater", "whitewater", etc.). In other cases, the lexical suffixes have become grammaticalized to various degrees.
Some linguists have claimed that these lexical suffixes provide only adverbial or adjectival notions to verbs. Other linguists disagree arguing that they may additionally be syntactic arguments just as free nouns are and thus equating lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of lexical suffixes in the Halkomelem language (the word order here is Verb Subject Object):
:

		VERB	SUBJ	OBJ
(1)				łə qeq
	"the woman bathed the baby"
		VERB+LEX.SUFF	SUBJ
(2)
	"the woman bathed the/a baby"

In sentence (1), the verb "bathe" is where is the root and and are inflectional suffixes. The subject "the woman" is and the object "the baby" is . In this sentence, "the baby" is a free noun. (The here is an auxiliary, which can be ignored for explanatory purposes.)
In sentence (2), "the/a baby" does not appear as a free noun. Instead it appears as the lexical suffix which is affixed to the verb root (which has changed slightly in pronunciation, but this can also be ignored here). Note how the lexical suffix may be translated as either "the baby" (definite) or "a baby" (indefinite): this change in definiteness is a common change in meaning that happens with incorporated nouns.

See also

★ Agglutination

★ Derivation

★ Family name affixes

★ Marker (linguistics)

★ Separable affix

★ Stemming - affix removal using computer software

★ Clitic

★ Diminutive

★ Augmentative

Bibliography

★ Gerdts, Donna B. (2003). The morphosyntax of Halkomelem lexical suffixes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''69'' (4), 345-356.

★ Montler, Timothy. (1986). ''An outline of the morphology and phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish''. Occasional Papers in Linguistics (No. 4). Missoula, MT: University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory.

★ Montler, Timothy. (1991). ''Saanich, North Straits Salish classified word list''. Canadian Ethnology service paper (No. 119); Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization.'