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'Djibouti' ( ''Jībūtī'', Somali: ''Jabuuti''), officially the 'Republic of Djibouti', is a small country in eastern Africa. Djibouti is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. On the other side of the Red Sea, on the Arabian Peninsula, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the coast of Djibouti, is Yemen. The capital of Djibouti is the city of Djibouti.

Contents

History

Politics

Religion

Regions and districts

Geography

Economy

Demographics

Culture

Miscellaneous topics

Further reading

External links

Government

Overviews

Directories

Tourism

References and notes

History

Main articles: History of Djibouti

The Republic of Djibouti gained its independence from the French on June 27,1977.
Djibouti is the successor to "French Somaliland" (later called the "French Territory of the Afars and Issas"), which was created in the first half of the nineteenth century as a result of French interest in the Horn of Africa. However, the history of Djibouti recorded in poetry and songs of its nomadic peoples, goes back thousands of years to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, India, and China. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar tribes in this region became among the first on the African continent to accept Islam. Djibouti is a Muslim country which regularly takes part in Islamic as well as Arab meetings.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Djibouti

Djibouti is a semi-presidential republic, with executive power in the government, and legislative power in both the government and parliament. The parliamentary party system is dominated by the People's Rally for Progress and the current President is Ismail Omar Guelleh. The country's current constitution was approved in September 1992. Djibouti is a one party dominant state with the People's Rally for Progress in power. Opposition parties are allowed, but have no real chance of gaining power (''see'' Elections in Djibouti).
The government is seen as being controlled by the Somali Issas, though at its head power is shared between a Somali President and an Afar Prime Minister (Scoitas Shilades), with cabinet posts similarly divided. The country has recently come out of a decade long civil war, with the government and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) signing a peace treaty in 2001. Two FRUD members are part of the current cabinet.
Despite elections of the 1990s being described as "generally fair", Guelleh was sworn in for his second and final six year term as president in a one-man race on 8 April 2005. He took 100% of the votes in a 78.9% turnout. Opposition parties boycotted the election, describing the poll as "ridiculous, rigged, and rubbish".
Djibouti's second president, Guelleh was first elected to office in 1999, taking over from Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who had ruled the country since its independence from France in 1977.^[1]
The prime minister, who leads the council of ministers ('cabinet'), is appointed by the President. The parliament - the ''Chambre des Députés'' - consists of 65 members who are elected every five to seven years
In 2001, the Djiboutian government leased the former French Foreign Legion base Camp Le Monier to the United States. Camp Lemonier is being used by the United States Central Command in operations as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.

Religion

Djibouti's main religion is Islam. Just like Islam in other countries, every town and village in Djibouti has a mosque, to which people go to worship. Tombs of their former religious leaders and those considered "holy" are known as sacred spaces. The most famous sacred space for Islam in Djibouti is the tomb of Sheikh Abu Yazid, found in the Goda Mountains. In addition to the Islamic calendar, Muslims in Djibouti also recognize New Year's Eve (January 1), and Labor Day (May 1), as holidays.
The Muslim religion comprises 94 percent of Djibouti's population (about 444,440). This leaves six percent for other religions. Christianity is mainly the other prevalent religion. Although Islam is not the only religion practiced, there is minimal religious tolerance. Being of another religion is greatly discouraged, especially because Djibouti's state religion is declared Islam.

Regions and districts

Main articles: Regions of Djibouti, Districts of Djibouti

Djibouti is divided into 5 regions and one city. It is further subdivided into 11 districts.
The regions and city are:

★ Ali Sabieh Region (''Region d'Ali Sabieh'')

★ Arta Region (''Region d'Arta'')

★ Dikhil Region (''Region de Dikhil'')

★ Djibouti (city) (''Ville de Djibouti'')

★ Obock Region (''Region d'Obock'')

★ Tadjourah Region (''Region de Tadjourah'')

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Djibouti


Djibouti is in Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, and between Eritrea and Somalia. Its coordinates are 11°30′N 43°00′E.
Djibouti shares a 113-km border with Eritrea, 337 km with Ethiopia and 58 km with Somalia (total 506 km). It also has 314 km of coastline.Djibouti lies in northeast Africa on the Gulf of Aden at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. It borders on Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. The country, the size of Massachusetts, is mainly a stony desert, with scattered plateaus and highlands.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Djibouti


The economy of Djibouti is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital city, the remainder being mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported.
It is a free trade zone.
In April 2005, the United Nations World Food Programme warned that 30,000 people in Djibouti face serious food shortages following three years of poor rains.^[2]
Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An unemployment rate of 40% to 50% continues to be a major problem. Inflation is not a concern, however, because of the fixed tie of the franc to the U.S. dollar. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Renewed fighting between Ethiopia and Eritrea has been beneficial to Djibouti, the Port of Djibouti now serving as landlocked Ethiopia's primary link to the sea. Faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen into arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors.^[3]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Djibouti

The population is divided into two main groups, the Issa of Somali people and the Afar.
The remainder is formed by Europeans (mostly French and Italians), Arabs and Ethiopians. Tensions between the Afar and Issa was the cause of the civil war in the early 1990s.
The Somali ethnic component in Djibouti is mainly composed of the Issas, who form the majority and the Gadabuursi and Isaaq, all of whom are closely related as Dir subclans. The Issas form part of the ciise Madoobe Dir, while the Gadabuursi and Isaaq are part of the Mahe Dir, Mohammed Hiniftire. The Issa Madoobe Dir are divided into two groups:the Abgaal and Dalool which are further divided into seven sub-clans:Howlgati and Walaaldoon (Makahir, Mahamuud, Iidleh)Uurweeyne (Fiqi and Abdalle), Wardiiq, Hooroone (Habar Walaala and Geelwalaal), Howleh, Fuurlabe (Mahdle, Saahib) and Ceeleeye (Mamaasan and Muuse)
Although French and Arabic are the official languages, Somali and Afar are widely spoken.
The bulk of Djibouti's people are urban residents; the remainder are herders. Health, sanitary, and education services are relatively poor in both urban and rural areas.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Djibouti

Djiboutian attire evinces the hot, arid climate. Men wear a loosely wrapped piece of cloth that goes down to about the knee, along with a cotton robe over the shoulder, much like a Roman toga. Women wear long skirts, typically dyed brown. Married women wear cloth to cover their heads, sometimes also covering their upper body. Unmarried or young women do not cover their heads. Traditional Arabian dress is worn strictly during religious festivals, especially in preparation for the hajj. For some occasions, women may adorn themselves with jewelery and headdresses. [1]
A lot of Djibouti's original art is passed on and preserved orally, mainly through song. Using their native language, these people can sing or dance a story, acting it out. Many examples of French and Islamic influences can be noted in their buildings, which contain plasterwork, carefully constructed motifs and calligraphy.

Miscellaneous topics

★ Communications in Djibouti

★ Foreign relations of Djibouti

★ Military of Djibouti

★ Transportation in Djibouti

★ List of fish on stamps of Afars and Issas

★ Scouting in Djibouti

★ Nikos Kavadias, a Greek writer and poet who regularly mentions Djibouti in his works.

Further reading

★ ''Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa'' Robert Saint-Veran

★ ''Historical Dictionary of Djibouti'' Daoud A. Alwan

★ ''Naval Strategy East of Suez: The Role of Djibouti'' Charles W.

External links

Government

★ Official Website

★ allAfrica news headline links

★ Daily press review in French and English

★ Interview with U.S. Ambassador to Djibouti - Stuart Symington (The Yale Politic)

Overviews

★ BBC News - ''Country Profile: Djibouti''

★ CIA World Factbook - ''Djibouti''

★ Indian Ocean Newsletter - ''Djibouti''

Directories

★ ''Djibouti guide'' Comprehensive information and resources about Djibouti

★ Arab Gateway - ''Djibouti'' directory category

★ Open Directory Project - ''Djibouti'' directory category

★ Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Djibouti'' directory category

★ University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Djibouti'' directory category

★ Yahoo! - ''Djibouti'' directory category

Tourism

★

References and notes

★
1. DJIBOUTI: Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term
2. Djibouti drought threatens 30,000 with grave food shortages, 29 April 2005, World Food Programme. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
3. CIA Fact Book