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This area is dominated by a forest ecoregion called the 'New England-Acadian forests' which is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest.^[1] This forest type is a transition between mixed northern hardwood forests on the coastal lowlands and the boreal forests of the northern Maritimes. This entire area is largely a mosaic of habitats within this transition spectrum. The forest composition is influenced locally by micro-climatic differences and ecological disturbances. Essentially, there are four important community types which show considerable diversity and blending across this physiographic province. These communities are: alpine communities, coniferous forests, northern hardwood forests, and wetlands. There are no clear boundaries between the coniferous forests and the hardwood forests in the New England-Acadian ecoregion. The prevalence in the canopy of red pine (''Pinus resinosa'') and red spruce (''Picea rubens'') distinguish the transition forests of New England from those in the Great Lakes region to the west.^[2]

Contents

Physiographic region

Alpine communities

Coniferous forests

Northern hardwood forest

Wetlands

Bogs

Swamps

Bottomlands

References

Physiographic region

The vegetation of the New England and Maritime Appalachian Highlands is similar throughout the New England Uplands, the White Mountains, the Green Mountains, and the Taconic Mountains. The physiographic province of New England and the Maritime provinces includes at least parts of all the states traditionally considered parts of New England: Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, eastern Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. It continues north to include what are typically considered the Maritime Provinces of Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. This entire area is sometimes referred to as the Atlantic Northeast. The seaboard lowlands of this region, which extends to mid-coastal Maine, exhibits a more mild climate and has a somewhat distinct vegetation in which hardwoods play a more important role.^[3]. Some of western Vermont is in the Adirondack province, but generally exhibits similar vegetation.

Alpine communities

Alpine communities are essentially regions of Arctic tundra, or treeless tundra-like communities. These are restricted to the tops of mountains that reach above the tree line, about 1300 m. These tall mountains serve as refugia for arctic plants left over from the from the retreat of the Laurentide glacier at the end of the last ice age (the Wisconsin glaciation). The truest alpine tundra communities are located on the harsh western and northwestern slopes of tall mountains. The western slopes are typically heath dominated communities composed of plant of the family Ericaceae, changing to grasses and sedges toward the harsher northwestern faces. Common dominant components of the heaths are: alpine bilberry (''Vaccinium uliginosum'') and mountain cranberry (''Vaccinium vitis-idaea '').

Coniferous forests

Coniferous forests are found in the White Mountain regions and the northern parts of New England Uplands, primarily the middle interior of Maine and northwards and especially in areas between 1300 m and 900 m elevation. The coniferous forest goes by many names, some of which include: boreal forest, spruce-fir forest, the North Woods, and the taiga. It is noted in New England for its "harsh" conditions such as cold, sub-Arctic temperatures, a short growing period, sandy-gravely acidic soil, and a high rate of leeching of nutrients out of the soil. It is also noted for a high rate of precipitation, year round, as rain and snow, which contributes to much of the leeching.
The dominant canopy species of this are include: red pine (''Pinus resinosa''), balsam fir (''Abies balsamea''), paper birch (''Betula papyrifera''), red spruce (''Picea rubens''), which northwards, is replaced by white spruce (''Picea glauca''). Also present are jack pine (''Pinus banksiana''), and white pine (''Pinus strobus'') which is found in areas of richer soil in the lower elevations of this forest. The presence of paper birch (''Betula papyrifera''), a successional species, is often an indication of past disturbances such as fire or logging in the forest.
Typical woody understory and shrub layer species include moosewood (''Acer pensylvanicum''), low-bush blueberry (''Vaccinium angustifolium'') and other heath species especially the genera ''Gaylussacia'' and ''Vaccinium''.
Woody plants of the ground cover layer include American wintergreen (''Gaultheria procumbens'') and partridge berry (''Mitchella repens''). Common wildflowers include: star flower (''Trientalis borealis''), bluebead Lilly (''Clintonia borealis''), foam flower (''Tiarella cordifolia''), bunchberry (''Cornus canadensis''), twinflower (''Linnaea borealis''), dewdrops (''Dalibarda repens''), wild sarsaparilla (''Aralia nudicaulis''), and Canada mayflower (''Maianthemum canadense''). Trilliums, and yellow lady slippers (genus ''Cypripedium'') are also common showy wildflowers. The herbaceous layer also includes many mosses, lichens, and ferns. Bracken fern (''Pteridium aquilinum'') is often particularly abundant in these communities.

Northern hardwood forest

These forests also go by the names: hemlock-northern hardwoods, and mixed forests. The northern hardwoods are located in the seaboard lowlands and south of the coniferous forests, but there is considerable blending of the two communities. These forests are typical of elevations below 700 m. Elements of these communities mix extensively with coniferous forest elements between 700 m and 900 m, and also from mid-latitude Vermont and New Hampshire north to central Maine where coniferous forest elements begin to dominate. Typically the richer the soils, and the more temperate the climate, the more dominant hardwoods will be. This forest type is considered the northern extension of the mixed mesophytic deciduous forest.
The four dominant canopy species of the hemlock-northern hardwood forests are sugar maple (''Acer saccharum''), beech (''Fagus grandifolia''), yellow birch (''Betula alleghaniensis'') and hemlock (''Tsuga canadensis''). Other common canopy assocites are include: white ash (''Fraxinus americana''), red maple (''Acer rubrum''), and northern red oak (''Quercus rubra''), which becomes less and less common northwards, dropping out almost entirely by mid-Vermont and New Hampshire. White oak (''Quercus alba'') is also an important canopy species in southern New England's seaboard lowlands. White pine (''Pinus strobus'') and red pine (''Pinus resinosa''), are also an important part of this mixed forest. The pioneer trees of this forest are quaking aspen (''Populus tremuloides'') and paper birch (''Betula papyrifera'').

Wetlands

Wetlands are defined anywhere by an abundance of water, hydric soils, and a unique flora. The wetland of the New England area exhibit considerable diversity across the range and elevations within the three category: bogs, swamps, and bottomlands. Swamps and bogs are specific habitats whereas bottomlands are any moist area including riparian zones, lake and pond banks, and the moist area surrounding bogs, marshes and swamps.

Bogs

Bogs are wetland areas, characterized by acid hydric soils composed of peat. Bogs can occur at any elevation in this ecoregion. They are often sphagnum heath areas dominated by shrubs in the family Ericaceae including: Leather leaf (''Chamaedaphne calyculata''), bog rosemary (''Andromeda polifolia''), Labrador tea (''Ledum groenlandicum''), bog laurel (''Kalmia polifolia''), and American cranberry bushes (''Vaccinium macrocarpon''). Throughout New England these areas are often artificially made for cranberry monocultures by commercial farms. Common components of the herb layer in bogs includes the carnivorous plants: round-leaved sundew (''Drosera rotundifolia''), and pitcher plant (''Sarracenia purpurea''). Other herbs common herbs of the poor soils of bogs include: false mayflower (''Maianthemum trifolium''), and some Orchids, particularly, bog candles (''Platanthera dilatata''). The most common trees that invade bogs as they fill in are: black spruce (''Picea mariana''), northern white cedar (''Thuja occidentalis''), larch (''Larix laricina'') and black ash (''Fraxinus nigra'').

Swamps

Swamps are typically characterized by hydric soils and have more of a canopy than bogs. The most characteristic trees of southern southern and low altitude New England swamps are: hemlock (''Tsuga canadensis''), white cedar (''Thuja occidentalis''), tamarack (''Larix laricina''), balsam poplar (''Populus balsamifera''), and black ash (''Fraxinus nigra''). Oftentimes cool, moist shaded ravines are dominated by pure stands of hemlocks in this range. In northern and high altitude swamps of New England the dominant canopy species change to tamarack, black spruce (''Picea mariana'') and balsam fir (''Abies balsamea''). The understory across the range consists of a number of ''Viburnum'' species among others.

Bottomlands

The bottomlands and margin areas in the Northern Hardwood communities are primarily dominated by: red maple (''Acer rubrum''), balsam poplar (''Populus balsamifera''), black ash (''Fraxinus nigra''), eastern cottonwood (''Populus deltoides''), and the silver maple (''Acer saccharinum''). The bottomlands and margin areas of the coniferous forests consist of: red maple, silver maple, white cedar, and balsam poplar. In wet areas throughout the region many sub-canopy species of willow (''Salix'' spp.) occur as does speckled alder (''Alnus rugosa'') which is very common.

References

1. Bioimages on Vanderbilt.edu: New England/Acadian Forests
2. World Wildlife Fund: New England-Acadian forests
3. World Wildlife Fund: Northeastern coastal forests


★ Magee, D.W., & H. E. Ahles (1999). ''Flora of the Northeast: A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York'', Boston: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1558491892