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:''This article details the region of northeastern North America. For other meanings of the term, see Acadia (disambiguation).''

'Acadia' (in the French language '''l'Acadie''') was the name given to a colonial territory in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day New England, stretching as far south as Philadelphia. The actual specification by the French government for the territory refers to lands bordering the Atlantic coast, roughly between the 40th and 46th parallels. Later, the territory was divided into the British colonies which were to become Canadian provinces and American states.

Contents

Early history

The Great Upheaval

Origin of the name

Cultural references

Contemporary Acadia

In fiction

See also

References

External links

Early history

Early European colonists who would later become known as 'Acadians', were French subjects primarily from the Pleumartin to Poitiers in the Vienne ''département'' of west-central France. The first French settlement was established by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts, Governor of Acadia under the authority of King Henry IV, on Saint Croix Island in 1604. The following year, the settlement was moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal after a difficult winter on the island and deaths due to scurvy. In 1608, many of the settlers followed Samuel de Champlain north to found New France at the site of modern day Quebec City.
The French took control of the Abenaki First Nations territory. In 1654, King Louis XIV of France appointed aristocrat Nicholas Denys as Governor of Acadia and granted him the confiscated lands and the right to all its minerals. British colonists captured Acadia in the course of King William's War (1690-97), but Britain returned it to France at the peace settlement. It was recaptured in the course of Queen Anne's War (1702-13), and its conquest was confirmed in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).
On June 23 that year, the French residents of Acadia were given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia. In the meantime, the French signalled their preparedness for future hostilities by beginning the construction of Fortress Louisbourg on Isle Royale, now Cape Breton Island. The British grew increasingly alarmed by the prospect of disloyalty in wartime of the Acadians now under their rule.

The Great Upheaval

Main articles: Great Upheaval

In the summer of 1755, the British attacked Fort Beausejour and burned Acadian homes at the outbreak of the French and Indian War between Britain and France (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War), accusing Acadians of disloyalty (for not having taken the oath) and guerrilla action. Those who still refused to swear loyalty to the British crown then suffered what is referred to as the Great Upheaval when, over the next three years, some 6,000-7,000 Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia to France or the lower British American colonies. Others fled deeper into Nova Scotia and other parts of the colony of Canada. The Quebec town of L'Acadie (now a sector of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu) was founded by expelled Acadians.^[1]
After 1764, many exiled Acadians finally settled in Louisiana, which had been transferred by France to Spain before the end of the French and Indian War. The name ''Acadian'' was corrupted to ''Cajun,'' which was first used as a pejorative term until its later mainstream acceptance. Britain allowed some Acadians to return to Nova Scotia, but these were forced to settle in small groups, and were not permitted to reside in their former settlements such as Grand-Pré, Port Royal and Beaubassin.

Origin of the name

The origin of the name Acadia is credited to the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano (1480–1527), who, on his sixteenth century map applied the Greek term "Arcadie", meaning the proverbial land of plenty, to the entire Atlantic coast north of Virginia. Another theory is that Acadia is derived from the Mi'kmaq term for " fertile place", pronounced "akadi" (still found in place names like Tracadie and Shubenacadie) and the Malecite term "quoddy", also meaning a "fertile place".
The ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' says "'Arcadia,' the name Giovanni gave to Maryland or Virginia 'on account of the beauty of the trees,' made its first cartographical appearance in the 1548 Gastaldo map and is the only name to survive in Canadian usage. It has a curious history. In the 17th century Champlain fixed its present orthography, with the 'r' omitted, and Ganong has shown its gradual progress northwards, in a succession of maps, to its resting place in the Atlantic Provinces."

Cultural references

The nineteenth century poem ''Evangeline'' by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a romanticized account of the deportation and its aftermath, telling the story of Evangeline, a (fictional) Acadian woman who never gives up the search for her lover. Additionally, the song "Acadian Driftwood" by The Band is a dramatized story of the Great Upheaval.

Contemporary Acadia

Today, Acadia has been used to refer to regions of Atlantic Canada with French roots, language, and culture. In the abstract, Acadia refers to the existence of a French culture on Canada’s east coast.
In 1994, Acadians and Cajuns held the first Acadian World Congress in Moncton, New Brunswick. Subsequent world congresses were held in 1999 and 2004.
The anthem of contemporary Acadia is ''Ave Maris Stella'', and it is represented by the flag adopted at Miscouche, Prince Edward Island in 1884.

In fiction

The later volumes in the bestselling French "Angélique" series of historical novels by Sergeanne Golon take place in seventeenth century Acadia, depicting the adventures of an exile French noblewoman, her pirate husband and a group of Huguenots who establish a community there to escape perscution in France. Note that people of Huguenot extraction in Maritime Canada are considered distinct from Acadian descendants.
Best-selling author Kathy Reichs' 2007 novel ''Bones to Ashes'' ^[2] is partly set in Acadia, and includes historical and cultural information about the area. The given name of the character 'Évangéline Landry' is linked to Longfellow's poem of the same name.

See also

★ Acadian ★ Acadian French ★ History of the Acadians ★ New France

★ List of Acadians ★ List of Acadian governors ★ A few acres of snow

References

1. http://www.ville.saint-jean-sur-richelieu.qc.ca/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=y1_2
2. Bones to Ashes, , Kathy, Reichs, Scribner, 2007,

External links

★ Congres Mondial Acadien 2009

★ Acadia (Acadian Tourism Commission)

★ Visit l'Acadie of New Brunswick (Tourism New Brunswick.ca)

★ Step into a real Acadian time at the Village Historique Acadien

★ www.acadie1755.ca

★ National Society of Acadia (French Only)

★ The Acadian Renaissance — Illustrated Historical Essay

★ Standardbearers of Acadian Identity — Illustrated Historical Essay

★ Acadia from the Columbia Encyclopedia

★ Acadia in BluPete's History of Nova Scotia

★ Acadian Ancestral Home by Lucie LeBlanc Consentino - A repository for Acadian history & genealogy