 | Muslim contribution to Mathematics The 7th to the 13th century was the golden age of Muslim learning. In mathematics they contributed and invented the present arithmetical decimal system and the fundamental operations connected with it addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extracting the root. They also introduced the 'zero' concept to the world. Some of the famous mathematicians of Islam are: AL-KHOWARIZMI (780 - 850 CE) Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khowarizmi, the father of algebra, was a mathematician and astronomer. He was summoned to Baghdad by Al-Mamun and appointed court astronomer. From the title of his work, Hisab Al-Jabr wal Mugabalah (Book of Calculations, Restoration and Reduction), Algebra (Al-Jabr) derived its name. A Latin translation of a Muslim arithmetic text was discovered in 1857 CE at the University of Cambridge library. Entitled 'Algoritimi de Numero Indorum', the work opens with the words: 'Spoken has Algoritimi. Let us give deserved praise to God, our Leader and Defender'. It is believed that this is a copy of Al-Khowarizmi's arithmetic text which was translated into Latin in the twelfth century by an English scholar. Al-Khowarizmi left his name to the history of mathematics in the form of Algorism (the old name for arithmetic). Al-Khowarizmi emphasised that he wrote his algebra book to serve the practical needs of the people concerning matters of inheritance, legacies, partition, lawsuits and commerce. In the twelfth century Gerard of Cremona and Roberts of Chester translated the algebra of Al-Khowarizmi into Latin. Mathematicians used it all over the world until the sixteenth century. It is generally assumed that Al-Khowarizmi was born around 780 CE in the town of Kath in the oasis of Khorzen. Kath is now buried in the sand. AL-KINDI (801-873 CE) Abu Yusuf Yaqub Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi, was born around 801 CE in Kufa during the governership of his father. The surname indicates ancestry in the royal tribe of Kindah of Yemenite origin. To his people he became known as Faylasuf Al-Arab (the philosopher of the Arabs) the first one in Islam. Among his contributions to arithmetic, Al-Kindi wrote eleven texts on numbers and numerical analysis. AL-KHARKHI Abu Bakr ibn Hussein was born in Kharkh, a suburb of Baghdad. His works covered arithmetic, algebra and geometry. His work Al-Kafi fi Al-Hisab' (Essentials of Arithmetic) covers the rules of computation. His second work, Al- Fakhri' derived its name from Al- Kharki's friend the Grand Vizier of Baghdad. Al-BATTANI (850-929 CE) Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan Abu Abdullah, the father of trigonometry, was born in Battan, Mesopotamia and died in Damascus in 929 CE. An Arab prince and governor of Syria, he is considered to be the greatest Muslim astronomer and mathematician. Al-Battani raised trigonometry to higher levels and computed the first table of cotangents. AL-BIRUNI (973-1050 CE) Al-Biruni was among those who laid the foundation for modern trigonometry. He was a philosopher, geographer, astronomer, physicist and mathematician. Six hundred years before Galgeo, Al-Biruni discussed the theory of the earth rotating about its own axis. Al-Biruni carried out geodisic measurements and determined the earth's circumference in a most ingenious way. With the aid of mathematics, he enabled the direction of the Qibla to be determined from anywhere in the world. In the domain of trigonometry, the theory of the functions; sine, cosine, and tangent was developed by Muslim scholars of the tenth century. Muslim scholars worked diligently in the development of plane and spherical trigonometry. The, trigonometry of Muslims is based on Ptolemy's theorem but is superior in two important respects: it employs the sine where Ptolemy used the chord and is in algebraic instead of geometric form. http://www.muslimheritage.com/ ... |
 | THE PATH TO THE FINAL SOLUTION http://usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/052.sbt.html#004.052.176 ★ M TAUGHT MUSLIMS TO KILL JEWS Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 52: FIGHTING FOR THE CAUSE OF ALLAH (Jihaad) Volume 4, Book 52, Number 176: Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: Allah's Apostle said, "You (i.e. Muslims) will FIGHT wi the JEWS till some of them will hide behind stones. The stones will (betray them) saying, 'O 'Abdullah (i.e. slave of Allah)! There is a JEW hiding behind me; ★ SO KILL HIM.'" Volume 4, Book 52, Number 177: Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until you FIGHT WITH THE JEWS, and the stone behind which a JEW will be hiding will say. "O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, ★ SO KILL HIM." http://quran.al-islam.com/Targama/DispTargam.asp?nType=1&nSeg=0&l=eng&nSora=5&nAya=59&t=eng ★ "... HE TRANSFORMED INTO APES (Jews) AND SWINE (Christians) ..." 5 Al-Maidah Verse 59/60 [59] Say: "O People of the Book (Bible)! do ye DISAPPROVE of us for no other reason than that WE BELIEVE IN Allah, and the revelation that hath come to us and that which came before (us), and (perhaps) that most of you are REBELLIOUS and DISOBEDIENT?" [60] Say: "Shall I point out to you something MUCH WORSE than this, (as judged) by the treatment it received from Allah? Those who incurred the curse of Allah and His wrath, those of whom some ★ HE TRANSFORMED INTO APES (Christians) AND SWINE (Jews), those who worshipped Evil, these are (many times) worse in rank, and far more astray from the even Path!" JEWS (transformed of Allah into Apes & Swine) http://prophetofdoom.net/Islamic_Quotes_Jews.Islam MURDER http://prophetofdoom.net/Islamic_Quotes_Murder.Islam TORTURE http://prophetofdoom.net/Islamic_Quotes_Torture.Islam http://andrewbostom.org/loj/content/blogcategory/21/33/ (in the moment NO ACCESS!!!) "... Muhammad ratified the judgment stating that Sa'd's decree was a decree of God pronounced from above the Seven Heavens. THUS SOME 600 TO 900 MEN FROM THE Qurayzah WERE LEAD ON Muhammad's ORDER TO THE MARKET OF MEDINA. ★ Trenches were dug and THE MEN WERE BEHEADED, and their decapitated corpses buried in the trenches while Muhammad watched in attendance. Male youths who had not reached PUBERTY were spared. Women and children were sold into slavery, a number of them being distributed as gifts among Muhammad's companions. According to Muhammad's biographer Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad chose one of the Qurayzah women (Rayhana) for himself. The Qurayzah's property and other possessions (including weapons) were also divided up as additional "booty" among the Muslims. The following details have been chronicled consistently by Muslim sources: the arbiter (Sa'd Mu'adh) was appointed by Muhammad himself; ★ MUHAMMAD OVSERVED IN PERSON THE HORRIFIC EXECUTIONS; Muhammad claimed as a wife a woman (Rayhana) previously married to one of the SLAUGHTERED Qurayzah tribesmen; the substantial material benefits (i.e., property; receipts from the sale of the enslaved) which accrued to the Muslims as A RESULT OF THE MASSACRE; the extinction of the Qurayzah ..." References 1. Charles Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British Museum, London, British Museum, 1966. Supplement to the Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British Museum (now in the British Library). London: British Museum Publications for the British Library, 1977. Supplement, p. 211. 2. Summarized, here: M.J. Kister, 'The massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa: a re-examination of a tradition" Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Isla 3. Abu Yusuf Ya'qub Le Livre de l'impot foncier, Translated from Arabic and annotated by Edmond Fagnan. Paris, 1921. English translation in Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi- Jews and Christians Under Islam, 1985, Cranbury, New Jersey, pp. 172-173. 4. Kister, 'The massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa', p. 69. m, Vol. 8, 1986, pp. 61-96. 5. Kister, 'The massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa', p. 70. 6. W.H. T. Gairdner, "Muhammad Without Camouflage", The Moslem World, Vol. 9, 1919, p. 36. 7. Translated by F. M. |
 | La philsophie et l' Islam par yahya Michot (introduction)- علماء المسلمين Converti Belge professeur de culture islamique à Oxford yahya Michot (introduction)- علماء المسلمينAbou Hamid Mohammed ibn Mohammed al-Ghazali (1058-1111), autrefois connu en Occident sous le nom de Algazel (arabe : أَبُو حَامِد الغَزَالِيّ abū ḥāmid al-ġazālīy) est un penseur musulman d'origine persane 1. Ibn Taymiya - إبن تيمية (رحمه الله) Taqi Ad-Din Abou l-'Abbas Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya. Il est appelé "Chaykh al-Islam". Il est né à Harran (Mésopotamie) le 10 Rabi' Al-Awwal 661 H. AVICENNE (Abu Ali al-Hussein ibn-Abdullah Ibn-Sina) 980- 1037 Médecin, savant et homme politique de l'ancienne Perse Ibn Rochd : l'Averroès de l'Occident C'est dans ce contexte historique qu'apparaissent plusieurs philosophes musulmans qui marqueront la période d'or de la civilisation Islamique : le Moyen-Âge. L'un d'eux se nomme Abû'l-walîd Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Rochd . Il exerça une grande influence sur l'Occident sous le nom d'Averroès (le nom latin qui lui est attribué par les Occidentaux). Ibn Rochd naît à Cordoue, en Espagne durant l'année 520 de l'hégire Musulman (année 1126 de l'ère Chrétienne). Sa famille était composée de plusieurs juristes musulmans (dont son père et son grand-père) et ils exercèrent une grande influence sur le jeune Ibn Rochd. Il décida alors de se consacrer à l'étude du droit musulman, et s'intéressera plus tard à la philosophie et à la médecine. À l'âge de 45 ans, il devient juge (qadi) à Séville et regrette son éloignement de Cordoue, cette ville qui lui est si chère. Puis, il deviendra qadi à Cordoue et écrit plusieurs œuvres qui lui valent une la renommée. En l'an 578 de l'hégire (A.D.1182), il devient médecin personnel de l'émir Yusuf au à Marrakech à la demande de ce dernier et en remplacement d'Ibn Tufayl. Deux ans plus tard, Ya'qub al-Mansur succède à son père Yusuf, le roi du Maroc, et commence à se mettre en doutedouter de la pratique foi religieuse d'Ibn Rochd. Il Celui-ci meurt dans l'isolement en l'an 595 de l'hégire (A.D.1198) sans avoir jamais revu l'Espagne. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Jabiri علماء المسلمين ERNEST RONOT |
 | Sheikh as-Sayyid Said Sayyid Saeed Qoraan Quraan Verse Chapter Soerah Sura Aya Surah Al-Kahf 018 الكهف Surah al-Qadr 097 القدر 18 97 Sura Beautiful بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِِ سورة الكهف والقدر - سيد سعيد القرآن الكريم السورة Kishk Qardawi Tariq Ramadan Yusuf Abdel Hamid Sharawy Amr Khaled Hassan Banna Qutb Tantawi Mohamed Hassaan Hassan Hussein Yaqub Abu Ishaq Heweny Sayyed Qahira مصر |
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