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'''60 Minutes''' is an investigative television newsmagazine on United States television, which has run on CBS News since 1968. The program was created by long time producer Don Hewitt who set it apart by using a unique style of reporter-centered investigation. It has been among the top-rated TV programs for much of its life, and has garnered numerous awards over the years. It is considered by many to be the preeminent investigative television program in the United States.

Contents

History

Format

Correspondents

Past correspondents

Commentators

Ratings and recognition

Controversies

William Westmoreland

Unintended acceleration

Alar

Werner Erhard, March 3rd, 1991

Brown and Williamson

U.S. Customs Service

Kennewick man

Viacom cross-promotion

60 Minutes II

International versions

Australia

New Zealand

Portugal

France

See also

References

Book references

External links

History

The inspiration of the show came from the controversial Canadian news program ''This Hour Has Seven Days'', which ran from 1964 to 1966.
Initially, ''60 Minutes'' aired as a bi-weekly show hosted by Harry Reasoner and Mike Wallace, debuting on September 24, 1968 and alternating weeks with other CBS News productions on Tuesday evenings. Don Hewitt, who had been a producer of the ''CBS Evening News'' with Walter Cronkite, sought out Wallace as a stylistic contrast to Reasoner (Madsen, 14). According to one historian of the show, the idea of the format was to make the hosts the reporters, to always feature stories that were of national import but focused upon individuals involved with, or in conflict with, those issues, and to limit the reports' airtime to around thirteen minutes (Madsen 14). However, the initial season was troubled by lack of network confidence.
Morley Safer joined the team in 1970, and he took over the task of reporting less aggressive stories. However, when Richard Nixon began targeting press access and reporting, even Safer began to do "hard" investigative reports, and that year alone ''60 Minutes'' reported on cluster bombs, the South Vietnamese Army, Canada's amnesty for American draft dodgers, Nigeria, the Middle East, and Northern Ireland (Madsen 15). In 1983, Safer's report, "Lenell Geter's in Jail," single-handedly freed from prison the Texan who was wrongly convicted of armed robbery, and is, to this day, one of the program's crowning achievements.
In 1971, the "Point/Counterpoint" segment was introduced, featuring James J. Kilpatrick and Nicholas von Hoffman (later Shana Alexander), a three minute debate between spokespeople for the political right and left, respectively. This segment pioneered a format that would later be adapted by CNN for its ''Crossfire'' show. This ran until 1979, when Andy Rooney, whose commentaries were already alternating with the debate segment since the fall of 1978, replaced it; Rooney remains with the program today.
By 1971, the FCC introduced the Prime Time Access Rule, which freed local network affiliates in the top 50 markets (in practice, the entire network) to take a half hour of prime time from the networks on Mondays through Saturdays and one full hour on Sundays. Because nearly all affiliates found production costs for the FCC's intended goal of increased public affairs programming very high and the ratings (thus advertising revenues) low, making it mostly unprofitable, the FCC created an exception for network-authored news and public affairs. After a six-month hiatus in late 1971, CBS thus found a prime place for ''60 Minutes'' in a portion of that displaced time, 6-7 (5-6 Central) p.m. on Sundays, in January 1972 (Madsen 15).
This proved somewhat less than satisfactory, however, as, especially during the fall when CBS broadcast late National Football League games, ''60 Minutes'' got preempted fairly frequently; football telecasts were protected contractually from interruptions in the wake of the infamous "Heidi Game" incident on NBC in November 1968. Other sporting events such as golf tournaments occasionally caused this problem also. Nonetheless, the program's hard-hitting reports attracted a steadily growing audience, particularly during the waning days of the Vietnam War and the gripping events of the Watergate scandal; at that time, few if any other major-network news shows did in-depth investigative reporting to the degree carried out by ''60 Minutes.'' Eventually, during the summers of 1973 through 1975, CBS did allow the show back onto the prime time schedule proper, on Fridays in 1973 and Sundays the two years thereafter.
It was only when the FCC returned an hour to the networks on Sundays (for children's/family or news programming), taken away from them four years earlier, in a 1975 amendment to the Access Rule that CBS finally found a viable permanent timeslot for ''60 Minutes.'' When a family-oriented drama, ''Three for the Road,'' ended after a 13-week run in the fall, the newsmagazine took its place at 7/6 p.m. in December. It has aired at that time since, for over 31 years, making ''60 Minutes'' not only the longest-running prime time program currently in production, but also the television program broadcasting for the longest length of time at a single time period each week.
This move made the program into a strong ratings hit and, eventually, a general cultural phenomenon. Within the first season, ''60 Minutes'' became the top-rated show on Sunday nights in the U.S. By 1979, it had achieved the number-one Nielsen rating for all television programs. This success translated into great profits for CBS; advertising rates went from $17,000 per thirty seconds in 1975 to $175,000 in 1982 (Madsen 17).
In 1979, Channel 9 in Australia licensed a spin-off of ''60 Minutes'', complete with ticking clock and format, and, later, New Zealand followed suit with its own ''60 Minutes.''
At 88 years old, Mike Wallace is not only the oldest television personality today (being four months older than Helen Wagner), but one who has lasted the longest with one news show continuously, having been a part of 60 Minutes since its inception in 1968. On March 14, 2006, Wallace announced his retirement from ''60 Minutes'' after 37 years with the program. He continues to work for CBS News as a "Correspondent Emeritus".
As of 2007, ''60 Minutes'' is the only regularly scheduled television program without any type of theme music. The only theme sound is from the signature Aristo stopwatch in the opening title credit and in the credit immediately before each commercial break.

Format

The format of ''60 Minutes'' consists of three long-form news stories, without superimposed graphics. The stories are introduced from a set which has a backdrop resembling a magazine story on the same topic. The show undertakes its own investigations and follows up on investigations instigated by national newspapers and other sources.
Many topics center on allegations of wrongdoing and corruption on the part of corporations, politicians, and other public officials. Said figures are commonly either subjected to an interview, or evade contact with the ''60 Minutes'' crew altogether, either by written notice or by simply fleeing from the approaching journalist and his camera crew. Instead of summarizing an interview or providing direct commentary on an issue, ''60 Minutes'' prefers to air the interview itself. When the subject is hiding a secret, the viewers witness the evasion directly.
The show also features profiles. The profiles are occasionally of celebrities and offer up a biography of the figure, focusing upon the celebrity's early life story, obstacles, and choices, rather than offering a simple publicity platform. Non-celebrity profiles usually feature a person who has accomplished an heroic action or striven to improve the world.
In tone, ''60 Minutes'' blends the probing journalism of the seminal 1950s CBS series ''See It Now'' with Edward R. Murrow (a show for which Hewitt was the director its first few years) and the personality profiles of another Murrow program, ''Person to Person''. In Hewitt's own words, ''60 Minutes'' blends "higher Murrow" and "lower Murrow."
For most of the 1970s, the program included the Point/Counterpoint segment in which a liberal and a conservative commentator would debate a particular issue. This originally featured James J. Kilpatrick representing the conservative side and Nicholas von Hoffman for the liberals, with Shana Alexander taking over for von Hoffman after he departed in 1974. Although discontinued in 1979, when Andy Rooney, who had previously left the show with Harry Reasoner, returned to offer commentary, the segment was an innovation that caught the public imagination as a live version of competing editorials. Point/Counterpoint was also lampooned by the NBC comedy series ''Saturday Night Live'', which featured Jane Curtin and Dan Aykroyd as debaters, with Aykroyd typically beginning his remarks with, "Jane, you ignorant slut", and in the motion picture ''Airplane!'', in which the ''faux'' Kilpatrick argues in favor of the plane crashing.
A similar concept was revived briefly in March 2003, this time featuring Bob Dole and Bill Clinton, former opponents in the 1996 presidential election. The pair agreed to do ten segments, which were called "Clinton/Dole" and "Dole/Clinton" in alternating weeks, but did not continue into the fall television season. Reports indicated that the segments were considered too gentlemanly, in the style of the earlier Point/Counterpoint, and lacked the feistiness of ''Crossfire''.^[1]
Since 1979, the show has usually ended with a (usually light-hearted or humorous) commentary by Andy Rooney expounding on topics of wildly varying import, ranging from international politics, to economics, and to personal philosophy on every-day life. One recurring topic has been measuring the amount of coffee in coffee cans.^[2] Rooney's pieces, particularly one in which he referred to actor Mel Gibson as a "wacko," have on occasion led to complaints from viewers.
On Sunday, October 29, 2006, the opening sequence changed from a black background to white. The black background had been used for over a decade.

Correspondents

Mike Wallace is perhaps the iconic representation of the style of journalism for which the show is known and has been on the show since its inception in 1968. Wallace retired in 2006, but remains as Correspondent Emeritus and retains an office at CBS News Headquarters.
The program's correspondents and commentators have included:

★ Morley Safer (1970–present)

★ Steve Kroft (1989–present)

★ Lesley Stahl (1991–present)

★ Bob Simon (1996–present)

★ Scott Pelley (2003–present)
Part-time:

★ Lara Logan (2005–present)

★ Katie Couric (2006-present)

★ Anderson Cooper (2006-present)

Past correspondents

★ Ed Bradley (1981–2006)^[3]

★ Mike Wallace (1968–2006)^[4] — Correspondent Emeritus

★ Harry Reasoner (1968–1970, 1978–1991)

★ Christiane Amanpour (1996-2005)

★ Dan Rather (1975–1981, 2005–2006)

★ Diane Sawyer (1984–1989)

★ Meredith Vieira (1989–1991)

Commentators

Since 1978, Andy Rooney has contributed a commentary at the end of episodes. Other commentators include:

★ James J. Kilpatrick (Conservative debater, 1971–1979)

★ Shana Alexander (Liberal debater, 1975–1979)

★ Nicholas Von Hoffman (Liberal debater, 1971–1974)

★ Bill Clinton (Liberal debater, 2003)

★ Bob Dole (Conservative debater, 2003)

★ Stanley Crouch (Commentator, 1996)

★ Molly Ivins (Liberal commentator, 1996)

★ P. J. O'Rourke (Conservative commentator, 1996)

Ratings and recognition

Based on ratings, ''60 Minutes'' is the most successful broadcast in U.S. television history. For five of its seasons it has been that year's top program, a feat only matched by the sitcoms ''All in the Family'' and ''The Cosby Show''. It was a top ten show for 23 seasons in a row (1977-2000), an unsurpassed record.
''60 Minutes'' first broke into the Ratings Top 20 during the 1976-77 season. The following season it was the fourth-most-watched show, and by 1979-80, it was the number one show. During the 21st century it remains among the top 20 programs in the Nielsen Ratings, and the highest-rated news magazine.^[5]
CBS has been the recipient of numerous awards, including Peabody Awards for the segments "All in the Family", an investigation into abuses by government and military contractors; "The CIA's Cocaine", which uncovered CIA involvement in drug smuggling; "Friendly Fire", a report on incidents of friendly fire in the Gulf War; and "Duke Rape Suspects Speak Out", the first interviews with the suspects in the 2006 Duke University lacrosse team scandal.^[6] They received an Investigative Reporter and Editor medal for their segment "The Osprey", documenting a Marine coverup of deadly flaws in the V-22 Osprey helicopter. In 2007, ''60 Minutes'' received twelve Emmy Awards nominations. ^[7]

Controversies

The show has been praised for landmark journalism and received many awards. However, it has also become embroiled in some controversy, including:

William Westmoreland

In the 1982 "The Uncounted Enemy, a Vietnam Deception," which Mike Wallace narrated for CBS Reports, the news division's documentary program, it was reported that William Westmoreland, former commander of American military operations in the Vietnam War, withheld information from decision-makers in Washington for political reasons. Westmoreland held a press conference a few days later, calling it a 'preposterous hoax,' and eventually sued for libel. ''TV Guide'' issued a report called 'Anatomy of a Smear,' detailing problems with the report, including the ignoring of contrary evidence, and video editing to change the questions Westmoreland is asked. Westmoreland withdrew the suit a few days before the protracted case was given to the jury. He and CBS News issued a joint statement in which CBS said it "does not believe that General Westmoreland was unpatriotic or disloyal in
performing his duties as he saw them." Westmoreland claimed a victory; CBS, in a separate statement, said nothing in the trial changed its stance that the report was "fair and accurate."

Unintended acceleration

On November 23, 1986, ''60 Minutes'' aired a segment greenlit by Don Hewitt, concerning the Audi 5000 automobile, a popular German luxury car. The story concerned a number of incidents where the car purportedly accelerated without warning while parked, injuring or killing people. ''60 Minutes'' was unable to duplicate this behavior, and so hired an outside consultant to modify the transmission to behave in this manner, and aired a story about it.
The incident devastated Audi sales in the United States, which did not reach the same level for another fifteen years. The initial incidents which prompted the report were found by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Transport Canada to have been attributable to operator error, where car owners had depressed the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal. CBS issued a partial retraction, without acknowledging the test results of involved government agencies.^[8]
A rival to ''60 Minutes'', ''Dateline NBC'', would be found guilty of similar tactics years later regarding fuel tank integrity on General Motors pickup trucks.

Alar

In February, 1989 60 Minutes aired a report by the Natural Resources Defense Council highlighting problems with Alar, a chemical sprayed on apples. Apple sales dropped and CBS was sued by apple growers. ^[9]

Werner Erhard, March 3rd, 1991

A ''60 Minutes'' broadcast of March 3, 1991 dealt with controversies involving Werner Erhard's personal and business life :

Perhaps the most damaging blow of all against Erhard was a March 3 "60 Minutes" television report that detailed testimony from three of his daughters, several former EST leaders, and a housekeeper. Together, they accused Erhard of being a tyrant and a cult leader who declared himself to be God at staff meetings, administered a savage beating to his son, ordered his ex-wife nearly strangled to death during a two-day beating, and sexually molested one of his daughters and raped another.

The "60 Minutes" report also detailed that Erhard had bailed out of his $70-million-a-year business. Published reports say he sold his human-potential movement empire in February to a group of his employees for an undisclosed sum and put most of his possessions (including the yacht where he lived in Sausalito harbor) up for sale. The San Jose Mercury News, speculating that Erhard may have fled the country, quoted a witness who said he watched three men load boxes and steamer trunks from Erhard's warehouse into a Tokyo Express moving van.^[10]

In his 1993 book ''Outrageous Betrayal'' published by St. Martin's Press, Steven Pressman detailed how Erhard filed but then withdrew a lawsuit alleging "false, misleading and defamatory statements" against CBS in the wake of the latter's 60 Minutes program:Pressman, Steven, ''Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993, p.257-258. ISBN 0-312-09296-2

One year after the "60 Minutes" piece aired, Erhard filed a lawsuit against CBS and a variety of other defendants, claiming that the broadcast contained several "false, misleading and defamatory" statements about Erhard. However, Erhard dropped the lawsuit a few months before any court decision had been reached on its claims.

Author Jane Self defended Werner Erhard's position in the 1992 Breakthru Publishing book, ''60 Minutes and the Assassination of Werner Erhard''.

Brown and Williamson

In 1995, former Brown and Williamson (B&W) Vice President for Research and Development Jeffrey Wigand provided information to ''60 Minutes'' producer Lowell Bergman that B&W had systematically hidden the health risks of their cigarettes. (See transcription.) Furthermore, it was alleged that B&W had introduced foreign agents (fiberglass, ammonia, etc.) with the intent of enhancing the effect of nicotine. Bergman began to produce a piece based upon the information, but ran into opposition from Don Hewitt who, along with CBS lawyers, feared a billion dollar lawsuit from Brown and Williamson. Interestingly, a number of people in CBS would benefit from a sale of CBS to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, including the head of CBS lawyers and CBS News. Also, because of the interview, the son of the President of CBS Laurence Tisch, was among the people from the big tobacco companies in the risk of being caught having committed perjury.
Because of the hesitation from Hewitt, ''The Wall Street Journal'' instead broke Wigand's story. The ''60 Minutes'' piece was eventually aired with substantially altered content, and was missing some of the most damning evidence against B&W. The exposé of the incident was published in an article in ''Vanity Fair'' by Marie Brenner, entitled ''The Man Who Knew Too Much''.^[11] ''The New York Times'' wrote that ''60 Minutes'' and CBS had "betrayed the legacy of Edward R. Murrow." The incident was turned into a seven-times Oscar-nominated feature film entitled ''The Insider'', directed by Michael Mann and starring Russell Crowe and Al Pacino.
;

U.S. Customs Service

''60 Minutes'' alleged in 1997 that agents of the U.S. Customs Service ignored drug trafficking across the U.S.-Mexico border at San Diego.^[12] The only evidence was a memorandum apparently written by Rudy Camacho, who was the head of the San Diego branch office. Based on this memo, CBS alleged that Camacho had allowed trucks belonging to a particular firm to cross the border unimpeded. Mike Horner, a former Customs Service employee, had passed the memos on to ''60 Minutes'', and even provided a copy with an official stamp. Camacho was not consulted about the article, and his career was devastated in the immediate term as his own department placed suspicion on him. In the end, it turned out that Horner had forged the documents as an act of revenge for his treatment within the Customs Service. Camacho successfully sued CBS for an unknown settlement, and Don Hewitt was forced to issue an on-air retraction.^[13]

Kennewick man

A legal battle between archaeologists and the Umatilla tribe over the remains of a skeleton, nicknamed Kennewick man, was reported on by 60 Minutes (October 25, 1998), to which the Umatilla tribe reacted very negatively. The tribe considered the segment heavily biased in favor of the scientists, cutting out important arguments, such as explanations of Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.^[14] The report focused heavily on the racial politics of the controversy and also added inflammatory arguments, such as questioning the legitimacy of Native American sovereignty^[5] -- much of the racial focus of the segment was later reported to be unfounded or misinterpreted.^[16]

Viacom cross-promotion

In recent years the show has been accused of promoting books, films, and interviews with celebrities who are published or promoted by sister businesses in the Viacom empire (2000-2005), without disclosing the journalistic conflict-of-interest to viewers.^[17] However, due to media consolidation, this has become standard practice on many television news broadcasts.

60 Minutes II

Main articles: 60 Minutes II

In 1999, a second edition of ''60 Minutes'' was started in the U.S., called ''60 Minutes II''. This edition was later renamed ''60 Minutes'' by CBS for the fall of 2004 in an effort to sell it as a high-quality program, since some had sarcastically referred to it as ''60 Minutes, Jr.'' CBS News president Andrew Heyward said, "The Roman numeral II created some confusion on the part of the viewers and suggested a watered-down version".^[5] However, a widely-known controversy which came to be known as "Rathergate," regarding a report that aired September 8, 2004, caused another name change. The show was renamed ''60 Minutes Wednesday'' both to differentiate itself and to avoid tarnishing the Sunday edition, as the editions were editorially independent from one another. The show reverted to its original title with Roman numerals on July 8, 2005, when the show moved to a Friday night 8pm ET timeslot to finish its run. Its last broadcast was on September 2, 2005.

International versions

Australia

Main articles: 60 Minutes (Australia)

The Australian ''60 Minutes'' premiered on February 11, 1979. It airs on Sunday nights on the Nine Network.
Reporter Richard Carleton suffered a heart attack on 7 May 2006. He asked a question at a news conference for the Beaconsfield mine collapse, then walked out and suffered cardiac arrest. Paramedics tried to revive him for 20 minutes until an ambulance arrived, but was pronounced dead on arrival.
Although they have the rights to the format, as of 2007 they do not have rights to the US stories. Nevertheless, they often air them by subleasing them from Network Ten.

New Zealand

Main articles: 60 Minutes (New Zealand)

The New Zealand version of ''60 Minutes'' has aired on national television since 1989, when it was shown on TV3. In 1992 the rights were acquired by TVNZ, who began broadcasting it in 1993. The network aired the program for nine years before dropping it in 2002 for its own program, entitled ''Sunday''. ''Sunday'' is currently the highest rating current affairs show broadcast on New Zealand television, followed by 20/20. ''60 Minutes'' is now broadcast by rival network TV3.

Portugal

The Portugal version of ''60 Minutes'' airs on SIC Notícias and is hosted by Mário Crespo.

France

The France version of ''60 Minutes'' is titled ''66 Minutes'' and airs on M6

See also

★ ''This Hour Has Seven Days'', which pre-dates ''60 Minutes'' by a couple of years, was similar in journalistic style and format

References

1. '60 Minutes' may veto Clinton-Dole face-offs, Peter Johnson, ''USA Today'', 6 May 2003.
2. "A Pound of Coffee?", Andy Rooney, CBS News, July 6, 2003.
3. 60 Minutes' Ed Bradley Dead At 65
4. Mike Wallace Retires From '60 Minutes,' ''CBS News'', 14 March 2006.
5.
6. 66th Annual Peabody Awards Winners Announced
7. 12 Emmy Nominations For "60 Minutes"
8. "A Car Possessed by Demons," Ukrainian Archive, April 24, 2002.
9. Judge Dismisses Apple Growers' Suit Against CBS
10. "News Watch"(a column from the Christian Research Institute, Summer 1991, page 5) by William M. Alnor, ''Werner Erhard Flees in the Wake of Tax Liens and Child Abuse Allegations''
11. "The Man Who Knew Too Much," Marie Brenner, ''Vanity Fair'', May, 1996.
12. "I'd Rather Be Blogging: CBS stonewalls as 'guys in pajamas' uncover a fraud.", John Fund, ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 13, 2004.
13. abstract Another 60 Minutes' Apology on a Drug Smuggling Story", ''The Washington Post'', April 13, 1999
14. "Kennewick Man issue damages relationships", Antone Minthorn, Board of Trustees Chairman Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, November 5, 1998.
15.
16. "Who Were The First Americans?", Michael D. Lemonick, Andrea Dorfman, TIME Magazine, March 13, 2006.
17. "All in the Family: Who says 60 Minutes doesn't pay for interviews?", Bryan Preston and Chris Regan, ''National Review'', April 2, 2004.
18.

Book references

★ ''Who's Who in America 1998'', "Hewitt, Don S." Marquis Who's Who: New Providence, NJ, 1998. p. 1925.

★ ''Who's Who in America 1998'', "Wallace, Mike." Marquis Who's Who: New Providence, NJ, 1998. p. 4493.

★ Madsen, Axel. ''60 Minutes: The Power and the Politics of America's Most Popular TV News Show.'' Dodd, Mead and Company: New York City, 1984.

External links

★ U.S. version

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★ History and summary from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website

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★ The End Of the Golden Age?, a March 1999 article from ''American Journalism Review''

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★ Tick, tick, tick, a November/December 2001 article from ''Columbia Journalism Review'', also available here

★ Australian version

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★ Australia's ''60 Minutes'' official website from Nine Network

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★ New Zealand version

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★ New Zealand's ''60 Minutes'' official website from the TV3 website

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★ France version

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★ France's ''66 Minutes'' official website from the M6 website.