(Redirected from 14th Dalai Lama)
'Tenzin Gyatso' (born
6 July 1935) is the fourteenth and current
Dalai Lama. As such, he is often referred to in Western media simply as "''the Dalai Lama''", without any qualifiers.
The fifth of sixteen children of a farming family in the
Tibetan province of
Amdo, he was proclaimed the ''
tulku'' (
rebirth) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama at the age of two. On
17 November 1950, at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's
Head of State and most important political ruler, while Tibet faced occupation by the forces of the
People's Republic of China.
[1]
After the collapse of the
Tibetan resistance movement in 1959, Tenzin Gyatso fled to
India, where he was active in establishing the
Central Tibetan Administration (the Tibetan government in exile) and in seeking to preserve Tibetan
culture and
education among the thousands of refugees who accompanied him.
[2]
A
charismatic figure and noted public speaker, Tenzin Gyatso is the first Dalai Lama to travel to the
West. There, he has helped to spread
Buddhism and to promote the concepts of universal responsibility, secular ethics, and religious harmony. In 1989, he was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize.
[3]
Early life and background
Birthplace in Takster, Amdo
Tenzin Gyatso as a boy.
Tenzin Gyatso was born to a farming family as 'Lhamo Thondup' (; also spelled "Dhondrub") on
6 July 1935 in far northeastern
Amdo province in the village of
Taktser, a small and poor settlement that stood on a hill overlooking a broad valley. His parents, Choekyong and Diki Tsering, were moderately wealthy farmers among about twenty other families making a precarious living off the land raising
barley,
buckwheat, and
potatoes. His parents had sixteen children; of the nine who survived childhood, he is the fifth oldest. The eldest child was his sister Tsering Dolma, who was sixteen years older than he. His eldest brother,
Thupten Jigme Norbu, has been recognised as the rebirth of the high
lama,
Takser Rinpoche. His sister
Jetsun Pema went on to depict their mother in the 1997 film ''
Seven Years in Tibet''. His other elder brothers are Gyalo Thondup and Lobsang Samden. When Tenzin Gyatso was about two years old, a search party was sent out to find the new
incarnation of the Dalai Lama. Among other omens, the head on the embalmed body of the
thirteenth Dalai Lama (originally facing south) had mysteriously turned to face the northeast, indicating the direction in which the next Dalai Lama would be found. Shortly afterwards, the
Regent Reting Rinpoche had a
vision indicating Amdo (as the place to search) and a one-story house with distinctive guttering and tiling. After extensive searching, they found that Thondup's house resembled that in Reting's vision. They thus presented Thondup with various relics and toys — some had belonged to the previous Dalai Lama while others hadn't. Thondup correctly identified all items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, stating "It's mine! It's mine!"
[4][5]
Thondup was recognised as the rebirth of the Dalai Lama and renamed 'Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso' ("Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom"). Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as ''Yeshe Norbu'' ("Wish-Fulfilling Gem") or just ''Kundun'' ("the Presence"). In the West he is often called by followers "His Holiness the Dalai Lama", which is the
style that the Dalai Lama himself uses on his website. Tenzin Gyatso began his monastic education at the age of six. At age eleven, he met
Heinrich Harrer after spying him in Lhasa through his telescope. Harrer effectively became young Tenzin's tutor, teaching him about the outside world. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006. At age twenty-five, he sat for his final examination in
Lhasa's
Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam (prayer) Festival in 1959. He passed with honors and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level ''
geshe'' degree (roughly equivalent to a doctorate in
Buddhist philosophy).
[6]
Life as the Dalai Lama
As well as being one of the most influential spiritual leaders of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama traditionally claims to be Tibet's
Head of State and most important political ruler. From
1939 at the age of four he was taken by lamas in a procession to
Lhasa where he officially was given a ceremony recognizing him as the reborn spiritual leader of Tibet. His childhood was spent between the
Potala and
Norbulingka, his summer residence. At the age of fifteen, faced with possible conflict with the
People's Republic of China, on 17 November 1950, Tenzin Gyatso was enthroned as the temporal leader of Tibet; however, he was only able to govern for a brief time. In October of that year, an army of the People's Republic of China entered the territory controlled by the Tibetan administration, easily breaking through the Tibetan defenders.
The
People's Liberation Army stopped short of the old border between Tibet and
Xikang and demanded negotiations. The Dalai Lama sent a delegation to
Beijing, and, although he rejected the subsequent
Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, he did try to work with the Chinese government.
In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the
10th Panchen Erdeni went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first
National People's Congress, meeting
Mao Zedong[7].
However during 1959, there was a major uprising among the Tibetan population. In the tense political environment that ensued, the Dalai Lama and his entourage began to suspect that China was planning to kill him. Consequently, he fled to
Dharamsala,
India, on
March 17 of that year, entering India on
March 31 during the Tibetan uprising.
Exile in India
The Dalai Lama met with the
Prime Minister of India,
Jawaharlal Nehru, to urge India to pressure China into giving Tibet an autonomous government when relations with
China were not proving successful. Nehru did not want to increase tensions between China and
India, so he encouraged the Dalai Lama to work on the
Seventeen Point Agreement Tibet had with China. Eventually in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and set up the
government of Tibet in Exile in
Dharamsala,
India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa".
After the founding of the exiled government, he rehabilitated the Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children what he believed to be traditional
language,
history,
religion, and
culture. The
Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959, and the
Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.
The Dalai Lama appealed to the
United Nations on the question of Tibet, which resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965. These resolutions required China to respect the human rights of
Tibetans and their desire for
self-determination. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A Tibetan
parliament-in-exile is elected by the Tibetan
refugees scattered all over the world, and the
Tibetan Government in Exile is likewise elected by the Tibetan parliament.
At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in
Washington, D.C., he proposed a
Five-Point Peace Plan regarding the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a "zone of
peace" and for the end of movement by
ethnic Chinese into Tibet. It also called for "respect for fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms" and "the end of China's use of Tibet for
nuclear weapons production, testing, and disposal." Finally, it urged "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet.
He proposed a similar plan at
Strasbourg,
France, on
15 June 1988. He expanded on the Five-Point Peace Plan and proposed the creation of a self-governing
democratic Tibet, "in association with the People's Republic of China". This plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. In October 1991, he expressed his wish to return to Tibet to try to form a mutual assessment on the situation with the Chinese local government. At this time he feared that a violent uprising would take place and wished to avoid it. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China sets no preconditions for the return, which they have refused to do.
[8][9]
The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on
6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home.
Patriarch Alexius II of the
Russian Orthodox Church said, "I confess that the
Russian Orthodox Church highly appreciates the good relations it has with the followers of Buddhism and hopes for their further development". President
Chen Shui-bian of the
Republic of China attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday that was entitled "Traveling with Love and Wisdom for 70 Years" at the
Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in
Taipei. The President invited him to return to Taiwan for a third trip in 2005. His previous trips were in 2001, and 1997.
[10]
Teaching activity
His Holiness the Dalai Lama is a
Dzogchen practitioner and he also gives teachings on this issue.
Foreign relations
Since 1967, the Dalai Lama has initiated a series of tours in forty-six nations. He has frequently engaged on religious dialogue. He met with
Pope Paul VI at the
Vatican in 1973. Later on, he met with
Pope John Paul II in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990 and 2003. In 1990 he met in Dharamsala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith dialogue.
[11] He has since visited Israel three times, and met in 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met privately with
Pope Benedict XVI. He has also met the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the late Dr.
Robert Runcie, and with other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. He has also met with senior
Eastern Orthodox Church,
Muslim,
Hindu,
Jewish, and
Sikh officials.
Social and political stances
Tibetan independence movement
The Dalai Lama at an interfaith gathering in Berlin, 2003
Following the invasion the Dalai Lama had little choice but to work with the 1951
Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China. His brothers moved to
Kalimpong in India and, with the help of the Indian and American governments, organized pro-independence literature and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham in 1956 and later spread to Central Tibet. However, the movement was a failure and forced to retreat to
Nepal or go underground. Following normalisation of relations between the
United States and the People's Republic of China, American support was cut off in the early 1970s. The Dalai Lama then began to formulate his policy towards a peaceful solution in which he would be reinstated in a
democratic autonomous Tibet.
Social stances
Tenzin Gyatso in 1994
The Dalai Lama endorsed the founding of the Dalai Lama Foundation in order to promote peace and ethics worldwide. The Dalai Lama is not operationally involved with this foundation, though he suggests some overall direction and his office is routinely briefed on its activities.
[12] He has also stated his belief that modern scientific findings take precedence over ancient religions.
[13][14]
He is reported to have said regarding
homosexuality, "If the two people have taken no vows [of chastity], and neither is harmed, why should it not be acceptable?" He has repeatedly affirmed his belief that gays and lesbians should be accepted by society, although he has also stated that for Buddhists homosexual behaviour is considered sexual misconduct, meaning that homosexual sex is acceptable for society in general but not in Buddhism or for Buddhists.
[15] As he explains in his book ''Beyond Dogma'': "homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." However, more recently (1997) he has said that the basis of this teaching was unknown to him and that he has "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context."
The Dalai Lama is generally opposed to
abortion,
[16] although he has taken a nuanced position, as he explained to the
New York Times:
He has also expressed his concern for environmental problems:
In 1996, he described himself as half-
Marxist, half-Buddhist:
Criticism
In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. Government through the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and also trained a resistance movement in Colorado (USA).
[17] When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 whether the organization did a good or bad thing in providing its support, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."
[18]
British journalist
Christopher Hitchens criticised Dalai Lama in 1998, questioned his alleged support for
India's
nuclear weapons testing, his statements about sexual misconduct, his suppression of
Shugden worship, as well as his meeting
Shoko Asahara, whose cult released
sarin nerve gas in the Tokyo subway system.
[19][20] Brian Given published a detailed reply to these criticisms in World Tibet Network News.
[21]
There has also been criticism that
feudal Tibet was not as benevolent as the Dalai Lama had portrayed. Critics have suggested that in addition to
serfdom there were conditions that effectively constituted
slavery.
[22] Also, the
penal code included forms of
corporal punishment, in addition to
capital punishment.
In response, the Dalai Lama has since condemned many of Tibet's feudal practices and has added that he was willing to institute reforms before the Chinese invaded in 1951.
There have also been criticisms of his comments in regards to "sexual misconduct" by many
gay rights activists.
[23] This generally reduces to the assertion that "Sexual misconduct for men and women consists of oral and anal sex".
[24]
International influence
The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for Tibetan self-determination, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors
Richard Gere and
Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries.
[25]
Tenzin Gyatso has on occasion been denounced by the Chinese government as a supporter of Tibetan independence. Over time, he has developed a public position stating that he is not in favour of Tibetan
independence[26] and would not object to a status in which Tibet has internal while the PRC manages some aspects of Tibet's defense and foreign affairs.
[27] In his 'Middle Way Approach', he laid down that the Chinese government can take care of foreign affairs and defence, and that Tibet should be managed by an elected body.
[28]
On
April 18,
2005, ''
TIME Magazine'' placed Tenzin Gyatso on its list of the world's 100 most influential people.
[29]
On
June 22,
2006, the
Parliament of Canada voted unanimously to make Tenzin Gyatso an
honorary citizen of Canada.
[30][31] This marks the third time in history that the
Government of Canada has bestowed this honour, the others being
Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985 and
Nelson Mandela in 2001.
In September 2006, the
United States Congress awarded the Dalai Lama the
Congressional Gold Medal,
[32] the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government. The decoration is awarded to any individual who performs an outstanding deed or act of service to the security, prosperity, and national interest of the United States of America. Previous winners include
Nelson Mandela,
George Washington,
Pope John Paul II,
Martin Luther King, Jr,
Mother Teresa and
Robert F. Kennedy.
In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named ''Presidential
Distinguished Professor'' at
Emory University.
[33] This was the first time that the leader of the Tibetan exile community accepted a university appointment.
In June 2007, the Dalai Lama made an Australian tour, delivering public talks in Perth, Bendigo, Melbourne, Geelong, Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane.
Wildlife conservation
In recent years he has been campaigning for
wildlife conservation, including a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.
[34][35]
Retirement
thumb
In
May 2007 Chhime Rigzing, a senior spokesman for the Tibetan spiritual leader's office stated that he wants to reduce his political burden as he moves into "retirement".
[36]
Rigzing stated "The political leadership will be transferred over a period of time but he will inevitably continue to be the spiritual leader because as the Dalai Lama, the issue of relinquishing the post does not arise."
The Dalai Lama announced he would like the elected Tibetan parliament-in-exile to have more responsibility over administration.
One Tibetan activist in exile, who wants Tibet's total independence from China rather than autonomy, welcomed the spiritual leader's plans to get the parliament to shoulder more responsibility.
"I see this as a positive movement. This is how the Dalai Lama has been nurturing Tibetan democracy", said Tenzin Tsundue, a poet and an official of the Friends of Tibet from Dharamsala.
On September 1, 2007 communist
China issued new rules controlling the selection of the next
Dalai Lama which will virtually prevent his followers from choosing his
reincarnation, since any reincarnation must bear the seal of approval by China's cabinet. These regulations could potentially result in a Dalai Lama chosen by the communist government, in addition to another Dalai Lama chosen in accordance with Tibetan Buddhist doctrine.
[37]
Writings of the Dalai Lama
★ ''
The Art of Happiness'', coauthored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D. ISBN 0-9656682-9-0
★ ''
The Art of Happiness at Work'', coauthored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D. ISBN 1-59448-054-0
★ ''
Ethics for the New Millennium'', Riverhead Books, 1999, ISBN 1-57322-883-4
★ ''
A Simple Path'', ISBN 0-00-713887-3
★ '', Translated and edited by
Jeffrey Hopkins, ISBN 0-7434-5336-0
★ ''
Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama'', London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990 ISBN 0-349-10462-X
★ ''
An Open Heart'', edited by Nicholas Vreeland. ISBN 0-316-98979-7
★ ''
The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra'', coauthored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, ISBN 1-55939-072-7
★ '', coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, ISBN 1-57322-277-1
★ '', photographs by
Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso. ISBN 0-8478-1957-4
★ '', Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, ISBN 0-940985-36-5
★ '', Abacus Press, 2000, ISBN 0-349-11443-9
★ ''
My Tibet'', coauthoured with Galen Rowell, ISBN 0-520-08948-0
★ '', Morgan Road Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7679-2066-X
★ '', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D., Atria Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7432-6968-3
★ ''Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)'', coauthored with
Eugen Drewermann, Ph.D., Patmos Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-4916-9078-1
★ ''
How to See Yourself As You Really Are'', Translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D. ISBN 0-7432-9045-3
★ ''The New Physics and Cosmology Dialogues with the Dalai Lama'', edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by
David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut,
Tu Wei-ming,
Anton Zeilinger,
B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-195-15994-2
Awards and honors given to the Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career.
[38]On June 22, 2006 he became one of only three people ever to be recognized with an
Honorary Citizenship by the
Canadian House of Commons. On May 28, 2005, he received the
Christmas Humphreys Award from the
Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom. Perhaps his most notable award was the
Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on December 10, 1989 (see below).
Some other notable awards and honors he has received:
★ Presidential
Distinguished Professorship from
Emory University in February 2007.
★ Honorary citizenship of
Ukraine, during the anniversary of the Nobel Prize on December 9 2006 in Mc Leod Ganj.
★
Congressional Gold Medal on September 14, 2006
★
Jaime Brunet Prize for Human Rights on October 9, 2003
★
Hilton Humanitarian Award on September 24, 2003
★
International League for Human Rights Award on September 19, 2003
★
Life Achievement Award from
Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization on November 24, 1999
★
Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award from the
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute on June 4, 1994
★
World Security Annual Peace Award from the
New York Lawyer's Alliance on April 27, 1994
★
Peace and Unity Awards from the
National Peace conference on August 23, 1991
★
Earth Prize from the
United Earth and U.N. Environmental Program on June 5, 1991
★
Advancing Human Liberty from the
Freedom House on April 17, 1991
★
Le Prix De La Memoire from the
Foundation Danielle Mitterrand, France on December 4, 1989
★
Raoul Wallenberg Human Rights Award from the
Congressional Rights Caucus Human Rights on July 21, 1989
★
Berkeley Medal from
University of California, Berkeley on April 20, 1994
★
Key to
Los Angeles from Mayor
Bradley in September 1979.
★ Key to
San Francisco from Mayor
Feinstein on September 27, 1979
★ Key to
New York from Mayor
Bloomberg on September 25, 2005
★
Honorary Doctorate from
Southern Cross University in Australia on June 8, 2007
Nobel Peace Prize
On December 10th, 1989 Tenzin Gyatso was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize,
[39] the chairman of the Nobel committee saying that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of
Mahatma Gandhi." The committee recognized officially his efforts in "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution instead of using violence".
[40] In his acceptance speech, he criticised China for the using force against student protesters during the
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. He stated however that their effort was not in vain. His speech focused on the importance of the continued use of non-violence and his desire to maintain a dialogue with China to try to resolve the situation.
[41]
Films about the Dalai Lama
Among the films that have been recently made about the 14th Dalai Lama are ''
Kundun'' and ''
Seven Years in Tibet'' (both 1997).
Other recent films include:
★ ''
Dalai Lama Renaissance'' (2007), documentary film about the Dalai Lama (narrated by
Harrison Ford)
★ ''
Experiencing the Soul'' - Before Birth During Life After Death (2005)
★ ''
What Remains of Us'' (2004)
★ ''
Ethics for the New Millenium (DVD)'' (1999)
★ ''
In Search of Kundun with Martin Scorsese'' (1999)
★ ''
Kundun'' - (1998) directed by Martin Scorsese.
★
The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus (1994)
★ ''
Compassion In Exile'' (1993), documentary, directed by Mickey Lemle
★ ''
Realizing Oneness in All Humanity - The Dalai Lama ''
See also
★
Tibetan Buddhism
★
Dalai Lama
★
Tibet
★
Dharamsala
★
Buddhism
★
Central Tibetan Administration
References
1. The Dalai Lama's biography
2. Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, , the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, HarperCollins, 1990,
3. Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama, , Mary, Craig, Counterpoint, 1997,
4. Dalai Lama - Speech to the U.N and Images of Tibet
5. Cosmic Harmony
6. The Dalai Lama: A Biography, , Patricia Cronin, Marcello, Greenwood Press, , ISBN 0313322074
7. ''Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR'', Ngapoi Ngawang Jigmei, ''China View'', 30 August 2005.
8. Global Village News
9. Interview with ''The Guardian'', September 5, 2003
10. CNN.com
11. Kamenetz,Rodger (1994)The Jew in the Lotus Harper Collins: 1994.
12. The Dalai Lama Foundation
13. Boston.com
14. The Dalai Lama's views on science and religion in an op-ed for The New York Times
15. The Buddhist religion and homosexuality at Religioustolerance.org
16. Dalai Lama meets Idaho’s religious leaders by Gary Stivers, www.sunvalleyonline.com, September 15, 2005
17. NY Times article
18. Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower
19. His material highness Salon.com article by Christopher Hitchens
20. World Tibet Network News
21. Defending the Dalai Lama (OC)
22. Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth
23. "According to Buddhist Tradition": Gays, Lesbians and the Definition of Sexual Misconduct, Steve Peskind
24. Beyond Dogma: Dialogues and Discourses, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, North Atlantic Books 1996
25. Interview with ''CBC News'', April 16, 2004
26. Dalai Lama speaks "middle way" approach for Tibet's future
27. Dalai Lama interview
28. Introduction to the Middle-Way Policy and its History
29. The 2005 TIME 100: The Dalai Lama Richard Gere
30. Dalai Lama becomes honorary citizen
31. Dalai Lama joins Wallenberg as Honorary citizen of Canada
32. Highest US civilian honour for Dalai Lama
33. Dalai Lama named Emory distinguished professor
34. Dalai Lama Campaigns to End Wildlife Trade
35. Reports Fur Flies Over Tiger Plight
36. Dalai Lama:political retirement
37. BBC NEWS, New Chinese rules on Dalai Lama
38. List of awards
39. Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
40. The Nobel Prize
41. The Government of Tibet in Exile
External links
★
Official site
★
Audio teachings of the Dalai Lama on many different topics
★
Collection of teachings, speeches, and letters
★
Prayers written by the Dalai Lama
★
Dalai Lama Teachings
★
Home of the 14th Dalai Lama in India
★
The Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy(TCHRD)
★
Tenzin Gyatso ''
Charlie Rose'' interview, 16 Nov. 2005
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